BAFHB 432 RAPP Fra Bartolomeo di San Marco. The third style is called the "Roman," and is peculiarly Raphael's own — that which constitutes him the greatest of painters. Its supreme excellence is the equable de- velopment of all the essential qualities of art, composition, expression, design, coloring. Of the paintings executed be- fore his visit to Florence must be named "Coronation of the Virgin," now in the Vatican, and the "Sposalizio, or Mar- riage of the Virgin," in the Brera at Milan. Among those in his second man- ner are the "Entombment of Christ," in the Borghese gallery at Rome; the "Ma- donna del Baldacchino," in the Pitti Pal- ace at Florence; the "Madonna del Gran Duca," in the same palace; and the grand fresco, "Theology," or "Dispute on the Sacrament," the first he executed in the Vatican. "The School of Athens," or "Philosophy," painted in 1511, first showed traces of his third and highest Btyle. It was followed by the "Parnas- sus," or "Poetry," "Jurisprudence," "Ex- pulsion of Helidorus from the Temple of Jerusalem." The works of Michael An- gelo in the Sistine chapel stimulated him in the production of his "Isaiah" and "Sybils"; and in 1515 he prepared the "Cartoons" for the tapestry of the Sis- tine chapel, three of which are lost, and the other seven, sent to Flanders, were bought by Charles I., and now form part of the National Collection in South Kensington Museum, London. Among Raphael's oil paintings are the "St. Ceci- lia," at Bologna; the famous "Madonna di San Sisto," now in the Dresden gal- lery; the "Spasimo di Sicilia," now at Madrid; and the "Transfiguration," his last work, and perhaps at once the chef- d'oeuvre of Raphael and of painting. It is now in the Vatican. His drawings are very numerous, and are to be found in most of the public and private muse- ums of Europe. Raphael died in Rome from the effects of a cold caught in the Vatican, on his 37th birthday, April 6, 1520. RAPHE, in botany, the vascular cord communicating between the nucleus of an ovule and the placenta, when the base of the former is removed from the base of the ovulum. RAPHIDES, needle-shaped transpar- ent bodies, lying either singly or in bundles among the tissue of plants; any crystalline formation in a vegetable cell. The former commonly consist of oxalate of lime. BAPIER, a light, highly-tempered, edgeless, and finely-pointed weapon of the sword kind used for thrusting. It is about three feet in length, and was long a favorite weapon for duels. Its use now, however, is restricted to occa- sions of state ceremonial. RAPP, GEORGE, a German-American socialist, founder of the sect oi Har- monists; born in Wurttemberg, in 1770. After an attempt to restore the Church of New Testament days in Germany, he emigrated with his followers to western Pennsylvania in 1803. There he estab- lished a settlement which he named Har- mony (whence the early title of the sect. Harmonists or Harmonites). In 1815 the community removed to Indiana, and founded New Harmony; but this was sold in 1824 to Robert Owen, and Rapp and his followers returned to Pennsyl- vania, where they built Economy, a vil- lage on the right bank of the Ohio, 15 miles N. W. of Pittsburgh, and engaged in farming. Impressed with the certain- ty of the speedy second coming of Christ, his absorbing aim was to amass great wealth, to be placed then at the Lord's disposal. To this end he and his fol- lowers practiced a rigid economy, and lived a life of toil and self-denial, in which celibacy formed a part; and with the same object all things were held in common. As the years passed the com- munity became wealthy. Its numbers, however, have not increased, and in 1890 did not exceed 70. He died in Economy, Pa., Aug. 7, 1847. RAPP, JEAN, COUNT, a French mili- tary officer; born in Colmar, Haut-Rhin, France, April 27, 1772. He was intend- ed for the Church, but his taste for a military life led him to enroll himself (1788) in the mounted "chasseurs" of the French army. Rapp distinguished himself by dashing gallantry in Ger- many and Egypt, and on the death of Desaix at Marengo he became aide-de- camp to Napoleon. His brilliant charge at Austerlitz on the Russian Imperial Guard was rewarded with the grade of general of divison (1805). For his serv- ices at Lobau he was named a count of the empire (1809). He opposed the Russian expedition, but accompanied the emperor throughout the whole of it. His obstinate defense of Danzig for nearly a year against^ a powerful Russian army gained for him greater renown, and his chivalrous and considerate treatment of the unfortunate inhabitants during the siege was warmly appreciated by them. The Russians, contrary to the articles of capitulation, sent Rapp and his garrison prisoners to Russia, and he did not re- turn to France till July, 1814. On reaching Paris he was well received by Louis XVIII. ; but in 1815 he went over to his old master, and was appointed Commander-in-Chief of the Army of the Rhine, and peer of France. After
