OBLANDO 47 ORLEANS water lochs, and the soil shallow, incum- bent on peat or moss. The mean an- nual temperature is 45°, the rainfall 34.3 inches. The area under cultivation has more than doubled since 1850, but is still less than one-half of the total area. The live stock during the same period has trebled; agriculture and fishing are the principal industries. The Orkneys (Ptolemy's Orcades) were gradually wrested by Norse rovers from their Pic- tish inhabitants. They continued sub- ject to the Scandinavian crown — till 1231, and afterward under the Earls of Angus and Stratherne and the Sinclairs —till in 1468 they were given to James III. of Scotland as a security for the dowry of his wife, Margaret of Denmark. The present landed proprietors are chiefly of Scotch descent, the islanders generally of mixed Scandinavian and Scotch origin. Pop. (1918) estimated, 23,100. In the World War (1914- 1918) the British Grand Fleet made Scapa Flow in the Orkneys its base for naval operations. Here the surrendered German war-ships were interned and subsequently stink by order of the Ger- man Naval Command. ORLANDO, a city of Florida, the county-seat of Orange co. It is a popu- lar winter resort and is noted for its hunting and fishing. It is the center of an important fruit-growing region. Pop. (1910) 3,894; (1920) 9^82. ORLEANS (or-la-an'), a city of France, capital of the department of the Loiret; on the Loire; 68 miles S. W. of Paris. It has some handsome public squares, a Gothic cathedral, and other notable buildings. Confectionery, pot- tery, and woolen goods are the staple articles of manufacture. Philip of Va- lois erected Orleans into a duchy and peerage in favor of his son, and Orleans continued to give the title of duke to a prince of the blood royal. In 1426 the city sustained a siege against the Eng- lish, and was relieved by the Maid of Orleans (Joan of Arc), whose statue in bronze stands in one of the public squares. It was taken and retaken more than once in the Franco-German War in the latter part of 1870. Pop. about 75,000. ORLEANS, a French royal family, two houses of which have occupied the throne of France. Henry III. (died 1589) was the last sovereig:n of this house, the Valois-Orleans branch. The house of Bourbon-Orleans is descended from Philip, Duke of Orleans, son of Louis XIII. and younger brother of Louis XIV. His son Philip, Duke of Orleans, was regent of France during the minority of Louis XV. His grandson, Louis Philippe Joseph, who assumed the surname of Egalite, was beheaded in 1793. Louis Philippe, Duke of Chartres, afterward King of the French, was the son of Egalite. The grandson of Louis Philippe, the Comte de Paris, born 1838, and educated in England, next became the head of the royal house and royalist party of France. He died in England, Sept. 8, 1894; and the title passed to his son, Louis Philippe Robert, born in Twickenham, England, Feb. 6, 1869, and not permitted in France. ORLEANS, BASTARD OF. See Du- NOis, Jean. ORLEANS, JEAN BAPTISTE GAS- TON, DTJKE OF, third son of Henry IV. of France, and Mary Medici; born April 25, 1608. By his first marriage, with Mary of Bourbon, heiress of the house of Montpensier, he had a daughter, author of some interesting memoirs. During the disturbances of the Fronde he joined De Retz, the soul of the Fronde, who, however, soon saw through the character of his fickle and feeble confederate. Af- ter the termination of the troubles (1648) the duke was banished to Blois. He died Feb. 2, 1660. ORLEANS, LOUIS ALBERT PHIL- IPPE, Count of Paris ; born in the Tuil- eries, Paris, France, Aug. 24, 1838; son of the Duke of Orleans; was educated at Claremont, England. In 1861 he and his brother, the Duke of Chartres, came to the United States and served with dis- tinction on General McClellan's staff till June, 1862. After the establishment of the republic in France he lived in Paris, till the expulsion bill of 1886 drove him into exile to England. Among his publi- cations, his "History of the Civil War in America" (1874-1889) is highly esteem- ed by historians and military critics. He died in London, England, Sept. 8, 1894. ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE JOS- EPH, DUKE OF (Egalite), a great- grandson of the regent Philippe, Duke of Orleans; born in St. Cloud, France, April 13, 1747; married in 1769 the daughter of the Duke of Penthievre. He was notorious for his dissoluteness of manners. His opposition to the court began in 1771, and he became the rally- ing point of its enemies. In 1787 he was exiled for the part he took in the As- sembly of Notables; in 1789 he was one of the nobles who joined the Tiers Etat (Third Estate) ; in 1792 he went over to the revolutionary party without re- serve, took the name of Philipp>e Egalite
