OSTEND 58 OSTERHATJS on literature, art and society; born in Cambridgeport, Mass., May 23, 1810. For some years she taught in girls' schools; edited the "Dial" (1840-1842). Her collected essays on "Women in the Nineteenth Century" were published in 1843. She contributed regularly to the New York "Tribune" papers on literature and art. At Rome she married the Marquis d'Ossoli. The pair were on their way to New York when their ship was wrecked and both were lost. Her other books are: "Art, Literature, and Drama"; "At Home and Abroad"; "Life Without and Life Within." She died July 19, 1850. OSTEND, a fashionable watering place in the Belgian province of West Flanders, on the German Ocean, 77 miles W. N. W. of Brussels. Two spacious floating basins for the Dover mail-pack- ets were completed in 1874; and as a station also for London steamers, and the terminus of various lines of railway, Ostend is a lively and active place of transport traffic. It is an important fishing station, and has a good school of navigation, a handsome Cursaal (1878), a city hall (1711), a fish market, and a lighthouse (1771; 175 feet). The manu- factures include linen, sail cloth, candles, and tobacco. Dating from 1072, Ostend is memorable for the protracted siege by the Spaniards which it underwent from July 7, 1601, to Sept. 20, 1604. Twice again it surrendered — to the Allies in 1706, and to the French in 1745. The fortifications have been demolished since 1865. Pop. about 45,000. In the World War (1914-1918) Os- tend was for a brief period the capital of Belgium. Occupied by the Germans Oct. 5, 1914. It was bombarded 187 times in the course of the war, during which 271 persons were killed and 496 injured, with damage to the town of $15,- 400,000. OSTEOLEPIS, a genus of fossil gan- oid fish peculiar to the Old Red Sand- stone. It is characterized by smooth rhomboidal scales, by numerous sharply pointed teeth, and by having the two dorsal and anal fins alternating with each other. The body is long and slender. OSTEOLOGY, a discourse or treatise on the bones; that branch of anatomy which describes the bones and their uses. See Anatomy: Bone„ OSTEOPATHY, a system of healing, founded by Dr. A. T. Still. In spite of the apparent etymology of the name, the system does not confine itself to the treat- ment of bone diseases, but claims to be a general system founded on the prin- ciple that "all bodily disorders are the result of mechanical obstruction to the free circulation of vital fluids and forces." Its apparently marvelous cures are accomplished through purely scien- tific methods, based on a profound knowl- edge of the human mechanism. The diag- nosis is largely through the sense of touch, which is developed to its highest perfection. The osteopath takes the position that when all obstructions to the proper direction of the life giving and healing energies that are resident in the body — such as maladjustments or ab- normalities of the bodily machine in any of its parts — are detected and corrected, by a thorough knowledge of anatomy and physiology, nature fast regains her equilibrium of health and strength. No medicine whatever is used and no surgery employed, except in cases where the lat- ter is needed exclusively. In 1892 Dr. Still organized a college at Kirks ville, Mo., under the laws of that State. A large building was erected in 1895 and additions made in 1896. The school be- gan with 28 students and has steadily increased in numbers. It has between 300 and 400 students. The first state to legalize the practice of osteopathy was Vermont in 1896. Missouri, Michigan and North Dakota in 1897. Iowa 1898. South Dakota, Illi- nois and Tennessee 1899. Osteopathy is now practiced in England, Ireland, Scot- land, France, Germany and Sweden. The parent schools of the American Society of Osteopathy, Kirksville, Mo., established in 1892, has graduated 2000 practitioners. OSTERHATJS, HUGO. A rear-ad- miral in the United States Navy. He was born in Belleville, 111., in 1851 and graduated from the United States Naval Academy in 1870. He commanded the battleship "Connecticut" in the voyage of the American Fleet around the world in 1907. A rear-admiral's commission was given him in 1909. In 1911 he was com- mander-in-chief of the Atlantic Fleet, He retired at the age limit in 1913. OSTERHAUS, PETER JOSEPH, an American military officer; born Coblenz, Germany, about 1820; emigrated to the United States, and was made a major of Missouri volunteers early in the Civil War; commanded a brigade under Fre- mont, and a division in the battle of Missionary Ridge. He was promoted to Major-General of volunteers in 1864. After the war he was appointed United States consul at Lyons, France, and fin- ally returned to Germany. He died in 1914.
