OSWALD 60 OTHO I. prints and "Zeitschrift fiir physika- lische Chemie." OSWALD, ST., king of Northumbria, son of the conquering Ethelfrith of Bernicia and of Acha, sister of the brave Edwin of Deira. He fought his way to the throne by the defeat, at Heaven- field near Hexham (635), of Csedwalla, the Welsh king, who had aided Penda to crush Edwin at Hatfield two years be- fore. Under the reign of Edwin he had found shelter in Scotland, and been con- verted to Christianity at Hii or lona; and now, when he was hailed king of the whole of Northumberland, he estab- lished Christianity vnth the help of St. Aidan, who settled on Holy Island. Os- wald was acknowledged as overlord by all the kingdoms save those subject to Penda. He fell fighting against his en- emy at Maserfield (Oswestry) in 642, OSWEGO, a city and county-seat of Oswego CO., N. Y. ; on the Oswego river, the Oswego canal, and the New York, Ontario and Western, the Lackawanna, and the New York Central railroads; 36 miles N. of Syracuse. The city has two harbors, one at the immediate mouth of the river and one in Lake Ontario. It is a terminus of the New York State Barge Canal. It contains a State Nor- mal School, United States Government building, Gerritt Smith library, orphan asylum, public hospital, high school, electric light and street railroad plants. National and savings banks, and several daily and weekly newspapers. There are manufactories of boilers and engines, tools, pumps, automobile parts, hosiery, matches, starch, etc. Oswego has regu- lar steamboat communication with the cities of the Great Lakes; imports about $1,400,000, and exports, $4,000,000. Pop. (1910) 23,368; (1920) 23.626. OSWEGO, FORT, an old French fort, built on the site of the present city of Oswego, N. Y., by Count Frontenac, about 1696. Fort Ontario, however, was built on the opposite side of the Oswego river in 1755, and at once took the pre- cedence. Both forts were the scenes of considerable fighting during the French and Revolutionary Wars, and once in 1814. OSWEGO RIVEB, a river in New York formed by the junction of the Sen- eca and Oneida rivers 12 miles N. W. of Syracuse. It is 24 miles long. OSWEGO TEA, a name given to sev- eral species of Monarda, particularly M. 'purpurea, M. didyma, and M. kalmiana, natives of North America, because of the occasional use of an infusion of the dried leaves as a beverage, said to be useful in intermittents and as a stomachic. Some other species of Monarda are used in the same way, and the three species named are not uncommonly cultivated in gardens for ornament. OSWESTBY, a thriving market town and municipal borough of Shropshire, England, 18 miles N. W. of Shrewsbury. It has an old parish church, restored in 1872; a fragment of the Norman castle of Walter Fitzalan, progenitor of the royal Stewarts; and a 15th century grammar school. Oswestry derives its name from St. Oswald, who was slain here. OTAGO, one of the provincial districts of New Zealand, including the whole of the S. part of South Island, S. of the districts of Canterbury and Westland, being surrounded on the other three sides by the sea; area, about 15,000,000 acres. The interior is mountainous ; many peaks attain the height of from 3,000 to 9,000 feet, but there is much pastoral land; the N, E. consists of extensive plains. Otago, though it possesses valuable gold fields, is chiefly a pastoral and agricul- tural district, second only to Canterbury in wheat production. Coal has been found in abundance. Otago was founded in 1848 by the Scotch Free Church As- sociation; it is now the most populous division of the colony. The capital is Dunedin; the next town in importance is Oamaru. Pop. Otago portion about 135,- 000; Southland portion about 65,000. OTALGIA, neuralgia of the ear. Its causes and treatment are those of neu- ralgia generally, but it is particularly caused by caries of the teeth. OTHMAN, or OSMAN, founder of the Ottoman empire; born in 1259; one of the emirs who, on the destruction of the empire of the Seljukides, became in- dependent chiefs. Joined by other emirs, he invaded the Eastern Empire in 1299, and made himself master of Nicsea, Icon- ium, and other towns. He took no other title than Emir, but ruled with absolute power, not without justice and modera- tion. He died in 1326. OTHO I., Emperor of (Jermany, called The Great; born in 912; was the eldest son of Henry the Fowler, and crowned King of Germany in 936, at the age of 24. He carried on war with the Huns, and drove them from the West; made Bohemia his tributary; deprived the Duke of Bavaria of his estates, and then had to encounter the resistance of the great chieftains of the empire, aided by the King of France. He afterward aided
