ROCHESTER 80 rebuilt and enlarged in the 13th century in part out of offerings of pilgrims at the shrine of St. William of Perth, a Scotch baker, who, on a pilgrimage to the Holy Land, was murdered near Rochester by his companion and adopted son; the tower rebuilt by Cottingham (1825-1827), the choir and transepts restored by Scott (1871-1877), and the W. front being restored by Pearson in 1891. It measures 306 feet in length, and has double transepts; and special features of interest are the Norman west doorway and nave, the Early English choir, of singular plan and early char- acter, the spacious crypt, and a fine dec- orated doorway leading to the modern library. The ruins of an early Norman keep or residence built by Gundulf, the architect of the Tower of London, stand on the N. side of the choir. St. Bar- tholomew's Hospital, founded by Gundulf in 1078 for lepers, was refounded in 1863; the Norman chapel remains. Watts' Charity House, founded in 1579 to lodge "six poor travelers, not being rogues or proctors," has been immortal- ized by Dickens, whose home, Gadshill, is 3 miles distant, and who introduces Rochester into "Pickwick," "Edwin Drood," and others of his novels. Three schools are the cathedral grammar school (Henry VIII.), Williamson's mathemati- cal school (1704; reopened under a new scheme, 1880), and a grammar school for girls (1888) ; and other buildings are Satis House, Restoration House (Charles II. slept here in 1660), the guild hall (1687), and the corn exchange (1871). Rochester — the Roman station Durobrivse and Anglo-Saxon Hrofe-ceas- tre — was made a municipal borough by Henry II. James II. embarked here in his flight (1688). Pop. about 32,000. ROCHESTER, JOHN WILMOT, EARL OF, a witty English nobleman of the court of Charles II.; born in Ditch- ley, Oxfordshire, April 10, 1647, and was educated at Wadham College. He suc- ceeded to the title and estates in 1659. He served in the fleet under Lord Sand- wich, and distinguished himself at the attack on Bergen. On his return to England he became the personal friend and favorite of the king. His constitu- tion gave way under his habits of drunk- enness and debauchery. His poetical works consist of satires, love songs, and drinking songs, many of them gems of wit and fancy, and many of them dar- ingly immoral. He died July 26, 1680. ROCHESTER, UNIVERSITY OF, a co-educational institution in Rochester, N. Y. ; founded in 1850 under the aus- pices of the Baptist Church; reported ROCKEFELLER at the close of 1919: Professors and in- structors, 51; students, 677; president, Rush Rhees, LL.D. ROCK, any portion of the earth's crust, coherent or incoherent, any sedimentary stratum or any dyke or overlying mass of volcanic or plutonic mineral matter. The older writers drew a distinction be- tween rocks and soils. Both are now re- garded as rocks. Most rocks, originally soft, have become hard and compact by losing their moisture and being subjected to pressure. As a rule, a rock is not a bed of some simple mineral. In most cases there are crystals cemented to- gether by imperfectly crystalline or amorphous matter, or there is a mixture of angular and rounded grains, also bound together by mineral matter. See Mineralogy. Viewed as to composition, there are three leading classes of rock: Siliceous or arenaceous, some formed of loose sand, others of hard sandstone, with all intermediate grades; argillace- ous rocks, i. e., rocks of clay, or more specifically having one-fourth alumina to three-fourths silica; and calcareous rocks composed chiefly of carbonate of lime, some of them proved and most of the others suspected, to be originally composed of various organisms. Viewed as to their origin, Lyell long recognized four kinds of rocks. Aqueous or sedi- mentary, volcanic, metamorphic, and plu- tonic. A fifth category has now been superadded, viz., aerial or aeolian, formed by the action of wind. Aqueous, aeolian, and metamorphic rocks are, as a rule, stratified; volcanic and plutonic rocks generally unstratified; the last two are called igneous. Some stratified rocks are unfossiliferous, others fossiliferous. For the stratigraphical or chronological order of the latter, see Fossils. See Geology. ROCK COD, a cod caught on a rocky sea bottom. They are considered to be of better flavor than fish from a sandy bottom. ROCK CRYSTAL. See Quartz. ROCKEFELLER, JOHN DAVISON, an American capitalist; born in Rich- ford, Tioga co., N. Y., July 8, 1839. He engaged in business when he was 16, and soon showed ability in detail and discretion in management. When dis- coveries of petroleum roused speculative interest in 1860, he owned a refinery in Cleveland, O. In 1870 he became president of the Standard Oil Company, a monopolistic corporation, and through which he accumulated immense wealth. He made large donations to educational
