ROVNO 131 ROWE with a school of painting opposed to the prevailing classicism, and for a time met with bitter hostility from the officials of the French Academy. This continued until 1848, when by his pre-eminent skill as an artist he compelled recogni- tion. From 1833 he spent his life chiefly at Barbizon, although he visited other parts of Europe. He was chiefly notable as a painter of landscapes, in which he excelled. His works are represented in most of the leading galleries, including the Metropolitan Museum, which has 13 examples. Rousseau died on Dec. 20, 1867. ROVNO, a small city in Volhynia, Russia, but more important as a fort. It formed one of a triangle of forts, the other two being located at Lutsk and Dubno. Rovno was first fortified in 1887, and consisted of a system of seven forts in the form of a semi-circle, at a distance of from four to six miles from the city itself, and with a circum- ference of about twenty miles. During the early part of the World War Rovno served as the base of a Russian invasion of Austria-Hungary, until after the retreat of the Russian army, when it fell into the hands of the Germans. After the final defeat of Germany the forts again fell into the hands of the Russians. During the war between Soviet Russia and Poland, in the spring of 1920, the Poles attacked Rovno, and were reported to have taken it, but at the end of the campaign it was still in the hands of the Bolsheviki. ROVTJMA, a river of East Africa, which rises on the E. of Lake Nyassa, and flows nearly due E., with a course of about 500 miles, to the Indian Ocean. The Rovuma is not well adapted for navigation. ROWAN, STEPHEN CLEGG, an American naval officer; born near Dub- lin, Ireland, Dec. 25, 1808; came to the United States when a boy, and on Feb. 1, 1826, was appointed a midshipman in the navy. He was promoted lieutenant, March 8, 1837; took part in the capture of Monterey and San Diego in the Mex- ican War, and, as executive officer of the "Cyane," in the bombardment of Guay- mas. In the battle of La Mesa, Upper California, he commanded the naval bat- talion under Commodore Stockton, and was especially commended for his skill in leading the landing party that made a successful attack on a Mexican out- post near Mazatlan. He was promoted commander Sept. 14, 1855. At the out- break of the Civil War he was on the "Pawnee," with which he engaged the Confederate battery at Acquia Creek on May 25, 1861; this being the first naval action of the war. He was promoted both captain and commodore, July 16, 1862, for gallantry in the Goldsborough expedition to North Carolina, and the engagements on Roanoke Island and Al- bemarle Sound. He forced the surren- der of the forts at Newbern, N. C., and by the capture of Fort Mason restored National authority in the waters of North Carolina. He commanded the "New Ironsides" in the engagements with Forts Wagner, Gregg, and Moul- trie; received a vote of thanks from Congress; and was promoted rear-ad- miral, July 25, 1866. After the close of the war Rear-Admiral Rowan was appointed to various executive offices; was promoted vice-admiral Aug. 15, 1870; and was chairman of the Light- house Board at the time of his retire- ment, Feb. 26, 1889. He died in Wash- ington, D. C, March 31, 1890. ROWE, LEO S., an American econom- ist and public official, born in McGregor, Iowa, in 1871. He was educated at the Central High School of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, and the University of Halle. He also received honorary degrees from several South American universities. From 1895 to 1896 he was instructor in municipal , government, from 1896 to 1904 assistant professor of political science, and from 1904 to 1917 professor of political sci- ence at the University of Pennsylvania. He was a member of the commission to revise and compile the laws at Porto Rico (1900-1901) ; a United States dele- gate to the Third International Confer- ence of American States at Rio Janeiro (1906) ; chairman of the United States delegation to the First Pan-American Scientific Congress, Santiago, Chile (1908) ; a member of the United States- Panama Joint Claims Commission (1913) ; secretary-general of the Pan- American Financial Conference at Washington, D. C. (1915) ; secretary- general of the International High Com- mission (1915-1917) ; a delegate to the Second Pan-American Scientific Congress (1915) ; secretary of the American-Mex- ican Joint Commission (1916-1917) ; as- sistant secretary of the treasury (1917- 1920). In October, 1920, he became director-general of the Pan-American Union. He was a member of many do- mestic and foreign societies, and wrote: "Report of the Insular Code Commis- sion" (with J. M. Keedy, 8 vols., 1902) ; "The United States and Porto Rico" (1904) ; "Problems of City Government" (1908) ; as well as many reports and articles in economic journals and re-
