ROYLE 135 RUBBER he was appointed Professor of Philos- ophy in Paris, and exercised an immense influence on the philosophy of France. Rejecting the purely sensuous system of Condillac, he gave special prominence to the principles of the Scotch school of Reid and Stewart. Strongly "spiritual- ist" as opposed to materialism, he orig- inated the "Doctrinaire" school, of which Jouffroy and Cousin were the chief rep- resentatives. He was appointed presi- dent of the Commission of Public In- struction in 1815, but resigned that post in 1820; in 1825 also he returned to political life as deputy for the depart- ment of Marne. The French Academy opened its doors to him in 1827; and in 1828 he was named president of the Chamber of Representatives, and in that capacity presented the address of the 221 deputies (March, 1830) withdrawing their support from the government, which the king refused to hear read. Next day the Chamber was prorogued. From 1842 Royer-Collard completely withdrew from public life. His salon was latterly the resort of such men as Cousin, Guizot, De Broglie, Casimir Pe- rier, Villemain, De Remusat, and others. He never was a writer, and he became a philosopher only by accident; his true interest in life was politics, his real emi- nence as a political orator after the ancient pattern rather than that of the modern parliamentary debater. He died in his country seat, Chateauvieux, near St. Aignan, Loir-et-Cher, Sept. 4, 1845. ROYLE, EDWIN" MILTON, an Ameri, can dramatist and actor, born at Lex- ington, Mo., in 1862. He graduated from Princeton in 1883 and took post-graduate courses at the University of Edinburgh. He studied law but did not practice. His first play, "Friends," was produced in 1892. This was followed by "The Squaw Man," "The Struggle Everlasting," "The Silent Call," "The Unwritten Law," "Peace and Quiet," and "The Longest Way Round." ROYSTON CROW, the common Eng- lish name for the hooded crow, Corvus comix. See Crow ROZHDESTVENSKY, ZINIVY PE»- TROVITCH, a Russian naval officer, born in 1848. During the Russo-Turk- ish War he served as a lieutenant. He rose through the various grades, becom- ing admiral in 1904. He was placed in command of the Baltic fleet which was dispatched to the Far East. (See Russo- Japanese War.) He was defeated by the Japanese fleet under Admiral Togo in the battle of the Sea of Japan, in May, 1905. During this action he was taken prisoner. He was tried by court- martial on his return to Russia, but was acquitted of blame. He died in 1909. RUATAN, or ROATAN, an island of Central America, in the Bay of Honduras ; area, about 240 square miles. Surface, somewhat elevated and well wooded; soil, fertile. The shores abound in fish and turtles, and near the S. extremity is a good harbor. RUBACE, or RT7BASSE, in mineral- ogy: (1) Rock crystal from Brazil, in- closing red scales of haematite or gothite. (2) Rock crystal which, when heated and plunged into a cool colored solution, be- comes fissured and admits the red color- ing matter. (3) Rubicelle. (4) Rose- quartz. RUBBER, known also as India Rubber, or Caoutchouc, a substance of increasing use in the arts and industries for it3 w> RUBBER Method of Cutting the Rubber Tree to Collect the Sap. combination of qualities. In chemistry rubber is a hydrocarbon with the formula C10H16, and is soluble only in carbon disulphide, carbon tetrachloride, and in volatile oils such as ether, turpentine, etc.,
