RUTHERFORD 161 RUTLEDGE Turin Academy of Sciences, and also the Nobel prize in 1908. In the same year he was made a knight. His scientific work related chiefly to radio activity. His works include. "Radio-Activity" (1904) ; "Radio-Active Transformations" (1906) ; and "Radio-Active Substances and Their Radiations" (1912). RUTHERFORD, or RUTHERFURD, SAMUEL, a Scotch divine; born in Nisbet, Scotland, about the year 1600. He studied at Edinburgh University, and in 1627 was appointed minister of An- woth in Kirkcudbright. On account of his strong Presbyterian views he was deprived of his living in 1636 and im- prisoned for two years, when he was restored. He took a prominent part in the drawing up of the National Cove- nant. In 1639 he became Professor of Divinity, and in 1649 principal of the new college, St. Andrews. He published numerous politieo-theological treatises. The most famous of these is "Lex Rex" ("The Law, King"), which on the Res- toration was publicly burned and he himself charged with high treason. Death prevented him from answering the charge before Parliament. His fa- miliar "Letters" have been frequently re- printed. He died in Edinburgh, March 23, 1661. RUTHERFURD, LEWIS MORRIS, an American astronomer; born in Morri- sania, New York City, Nov. 25, 1816 ; was graduated at Williams College in 1834; admitted to the bar in 1837 ; and practiced in New York till 1849, when he retired from practice to devote himself to travel and the study of astronomy. He made a number of instruments for his observ- atory, among which were an object glass which proved a great success, a microm- eter for the measurements of astronomi- cal photographs, a ruling engine with which he produced interference gratings on glass and speculum metal. He re- tired from active astronomical work in 1883, and presented his instruments to Columbia College. He was one of the original members of the National Acad- emy of Sciences. He died in Tranquil- lity, N. J., May 30, 1892. RUTHERGLEN, a royal.parliamentary and municipal burgh in Scotland. It is situated in the county of Lanark, on the Clyde, 3 miles S. E. of Glasgow. It figures in Gaelic mediaeval history, and to-day is an industrial center with coal mines and iron and steel works. The oldest church goes back to the twelfth century. Pop. about 25,000. RUTILE, a widely distributed min- eral, occurring mostly in crystals, occa- sionally massive; crystallization tetrag- onal; much twinned, by repetition of the same twin often assuming a geniculated appearance; hardness, 6 to 6.5; sp. gr., 4.18 to 4.25; luster, metallic-adamantine; color, red to reddish-brown, yellowish- black; streak, brown; transparent to opaque; fracture, sub-conchoidal to un- even; composition: oxygen, 39; tita- nium, 61=100, corresponding with the formula TiOo. Dana divides this species into: (1) ordinary, which includes the brownish-red and other shades; sp. gr., 4.18-4.22, and the acicular varieties often inclosed in rock crystal; (2) ferriferous; color black (a) nigrine, (&) ilmenoru- tile; (3) chromiferous, color grass-green, owing to oxide of chromium. Found dis- tributed in granite, gneiss, mica-schists, and sometimes in granular limestones. RUTLAND, a city and county-seat of Rutland co., Vt.; on Otter creek, and on the Rutland, the Delaware and Hudson, the Central Vermont, and the Bennington and Rutland railroads; 50 miles S. W. of Montpelier. Here are an English and Classical Institute, the Baxter Memorial Reference Library, Rut- land Free Library, State House of Cor- rection, city hospital, court house, United States Government building, the first State Capitol (built in 1784), a State penitentiary; waterworks, street railroad and electric light plants, National and savings banks, and several daily and weekly newspapers. It is in a region rich in limestone, and marble has been quarried here since 1830. West Rutland, which was set off from Rutland in 1886, is the center of the marble interest. Besides its marble industry, Rutland has extensive scale works, iron works, and shirt and school furniture factories. In 1784-1804 Rutland was one of the State capitals. During the Revolutionary War it was on the frontier. Pop. (1910) 13,- 546; (1920) 14,954. RUTLEDGE, EDWARD, an American statesman; born in Charleston, S. C, Nov. 23, 1749; was admitted to the bar in 1773; began practice in his native town; was a member of the Continental Congress in 1774-1777; took a conspic- uous part in the discussions preceding the adoption of the Declaration of Inde- pendence, of which he was a signer; was on a commission with John Adams and Benjamin Franklin which met Lord Howe, Sept. 11, 1776, on Staten Island, but refused to enter into any treaty with him except on the basis of Ameri- can independence. He was lieutenant- colonel of the Charleston Artillery which aided in expelling the British from the island of Port Royal in 1779; and was captured in 1780 and imprisoned for a year in St. Augustine. At the conclu-
