SAINT-AMANT 184 SAINT ARNAUD 1864 he was elected M. P. for East Gloucestershire by the Conservatives. He became successively r Jnder Secretary for the Home Department, Secretary to the Poor Law Board (1868), Chief Secretary for Ireland (1874), and Secretary for the Colonies (1878). In 1885 he was made Chancellor of the Exchequer by Lord Salisbury, and Conservative leader in the House of Commons; and in 1888 he be- came President of the Board of Trade. On the defeat of Lord Rosebery's ministry in 1895, he again held the office of Chan- cellor of the Exchequer till 1902, when on Lord Salisbury's retirement he resigned. He was founder of the Unionist Free Food League. In 1906 he was created Viscount St. Aldwyn, and in 1915 Earl. He died in 1916. SAINT-AMANT, MARC ANTOINE GIRARD, SIEUR DE, a French writer of bacchanalian verses; born in Rouen, France, in 1594. He wrote "Moses Saved" (1653), an epic of the school of Tasso; and a number of short miscellaneous poems, among which those on bacchana- lian scenes are the best — "The Revel" is one of the most remarkable of convivial poems. He died in Paris in 1661. ST. ANDREWS, a town of Scotland; on a rocky plateau at the edge of St. An- drews Bay, 42 miles N. N. E. of Edin- burgh. From the number and nature of the remains of ancient burials found in and around the city there can be little doubt that there was a settlement here in early prehistoric times. The monkish legend, long discredited, assigned its ec- clesiastical origin to St. Regulus or Rule, who, warned in a dream, brought certain bones of St. Andrew from Patras in the 4th century, and was wrecked at Muck- ros, afterward called Kilrimont, now St. Andrews. There is, however, reason for believing not only that those relics were brought in the 8th century, but that, before the end of the 6th, Cainnech, or Kenneth, the patron saint of Kilkenny, had founded a monastery at Rig-Monadth, the Royal Mount, and that thus arose the name of Kilrimont. Early in the 10th century it seemingly became the seat of the high bishop of the Scotch; and in Queen Margaret's time he began to be called the Bishop of St. Andrews. The Augustinian Priory, founded in 1144, was the richest and greatest of all the relig- ious houses of Scotland. The cathedral, founded in or about 1160, and consecrated in 1318, was stripped of its images and ornaments in 1559, and afterward fell into ruin. The extreme length inside is 355 feet, but at one time it had been several bays longer. The bishop's palace or castle, first built in 1200, was fre- quently demolished and rebuilt, and is now a ruin. George Wishart and other martyrs were confined in its dungeon, and Cardinal Beaton was slain within its walls. None of the ruins is less imposing or more interesting than the foundations on the Kirkhill — the site of the Celtic church. St. Rule's Tower has probably occasioned more discussion and perplexed more archaeologists than any other build- ing in Scotland. Its arches, as well as that of its roofless chapel, approach the horseshoe in form. The parish church, which was almost entirely rebuilt in 1798, was founded in 1412. Its predecessor, which stood near the cathedral, was built three centuries earlier. Of the Black Friars Monastery a portion of the chapel remains; but of the Grey Friars almost nothing. The parish church of St. Leon- ard's is roofless, and the congregation worships in the fine chapel of St. Salva- tor's. The Madras College, founded and endowed by Dr. Bell, has been remodeled and placed under a new governing body. The town was erected into a free burgh between 1144 and 1153. The manufac- ture of golf clubs and balls is naturally a thriving industry, St. Andrews being known all over the world as the headquar- ters of golf. It is a popular watering place and summer resort. Pop. about 8,000. SAINT ANDREW'S, D"NIVERSITY OE, an ancient Scottish university. The university rose out of a school founded by a colony of Scotch-Irish monks from Columcille's foundation at Iona, renewed by Bishop Wardlaw in 1411, and con- firmed by a bull of Pope Benedict XIII. Like Oxford in England, it was modeled on the plan of the University of Paris and based its teaching largely on the scrip- tures and theology. There were three col- leges in the 16th century: St. Salvator, St. Leonard, and St. Mary, and these, after the Reformation, became the strong- holds of Protestantism. In 1579 the col- leges were reorganized, so that theology was made the principal study at St. Mary's, while St. Salvator and St. Leon- ard took over the teaching of philosophy, law and medicine. University College at Dundee was affiliated with Saint An- drew's in 1890. The number of students is (1921) 830. SAINT ARNATJD, JACQUES LEROT DE, a French marshal; born in Paris, France, in 1801. He entered the army in 1817, but left it in 1827 to take part in the Greek struggle for independence. Re- turning to the French army in 1831, he six years later proceeded to join the for- eign legion in north Africa, and laid the foundation of his reputation in the wars against the native tribes during the next 10 years. In 1847 he was made a general
