ST. IVES 191 ST. JOHN'S Brazil," and a series of four works, which included his travels, under the general title of "Journey in the Interior of Bra- zil," and issued in eight volumes, at inter- vals from 1830 till 1851. He traveled extensively in the S. and interior prov- inces of Brazil from 1816 till 1822. He died in Orleans, Sept. 30, 1853. ST. IVES, a seaport and watering place in England, on St. Ives Bay, on the N. coast of Cornwall; 57 miles W. S. W. of Plymouth. It is a popular winter resort, has an extensive pilchard fishery, and exports large quantities of tin, copper, and slate. Its harbor is protected by a pier built in 1770. It has beautiful churches and chapels, a custom house, and other public buildings, including a literary institution. Pop. about 7,000. ST. JAMES'S PALACE, a palace in London, England. Originally a hospital dedicated to St. James, it was recon- structed and made a manor by Henry VIII., who also annexed to it a park, which he inclosed with a brick wall, to connect St. James's with Whitehall. The gateway and clock tower are from de- signs by Holbein. Here Queen Mary died (1558) ; Charles I. slept here the night before his execution; and here Charles II., the Old Pretender, and George IV. were born. When Whitehall was burned in 1697, St. James's became the regular London residence of the British sove- reigns, and it continued to be so till Queen Victoria's time. Additions and improve- ments, gradually made, have totally changed the original palace, so that at the present time little, if any, of the old structure remains. In 1837 the royal household was transferred to Bucking- ham Palace, whither the drawing rooms were also removed at the death of the prince consort, and St. James's was used only for levees. The Court of St. James's is a frequent designation of the British court. St. James's Park lies S. of the palace, and extends over 93 acres. ST. JOHN, a city, seaport, and capital of St. John co., province of New Bruns- wick, Canada, on the St. John river, at its entrance into the Bay of Fundy, and on the Intercolonial, the New Brunswick Southern, and the Canadian Pacific rail- roads, 481 miles E. of Montreal. It has an excellent harbor, protected by a break- water 2,250 feet long. The tides here rise and fall from 25 to 35 feet every day. The city is built on rising ground, the elevated portion consisting wholly of solid rock, which in numerous places has been excavated to a considerable depth for new streets. Here are churches rep- resenting all of the principal denomina- tions, and excellent schools. The public buildings include the post office, custom house, Odd Fellows' and Masonic Halls, Free Public Library, Mechanics' Institute, Provincial Insane Asylum, City Hospital, Sailors' Home, Home for Aged Females, Reformatory for Boys, Wiggin's Orphan Asylum for Sons of Seamen, Protestant and Roman Catholic orphan asylums, and the Dominion Savings Bank. St. John has large business interests. The prin- cipal industries include the manufacture of carriages, paint, sashes and doors, lead pipe, engines and boilers, nuts and bolts, furniture, nails, rolled iron, cotton goods, and lumber. The foreign trade is also very extensive, as the city is the shipping point of a rich agricultural, tim- ber, and mineral region. In 1604 the site of St. John was visited by M. de Monts, and in 1635 Charles de la Tour erected a fort here. In 1735 the place became a British possession by the treaty of Utrecht. In the same year it was colonized by American royalists, and two years later was chartered as a city. Pop about 61,500. ST. JOHN, the largest river of New Brunswick, rising in the highlands in the N. of Maine, flowing N. E., and then S. E. 450 miles, and falling into the Bay of Fundy by an estuary 5 miles in width. Near the sea it is navigable for large vessels; while for craft of 120 tons it is practicable as far as Fredericton (86 miles), and for small steamers to Wood- stock, 75 further up. Through most of its upper course the stream separates Maine from Canada. ST. JOHN. See John, St. ST. JOHN LATERAN, CHURCH OF. See Lateran, Church op St. John. ST. JOHN'S, a city, capital of New- foundland, and the extreme eastern sea- port of North America; 1,076 miles N. E. of Montreal and 1,665 miles W. by S. of Galway, Ireland, the shortest distance between any two seaports of America and Europe. It is on the Atlantic Ocean and the Newfoundland railway. The city is built on an acclivity. It has an excellent harbor, affording perfect shelter for ves- sels and having a drydock at its head, 600 feet long. The entrance to the har- bor is called the Narrows, and is about 600 feet wide at the narrowest point. To the N. of the Narrows is Signal Hill at which place Marconi received the first trans-Atlantic wireless telegraph message, 510 feet above sea-level, and to the S. South Side Hill, nearly 650 feet. At the foot of the latter is Fort Amherst light- house. The city has numerous churches, of which St. John's Cathedral (R. C), and the Anglican Cathedral, one of the most beautiful specimens of Gothic archi-
