SALISBURY 211 SALLUST elevation to the House of Lords he re- turned to his old party associations. He resumed the secretaryship for India in the Disraeli government of 1874. He took part in the conference of Constantinople, which was expected to settle the dispute between Russia and Turkey; and at the end of that war, having become foreign minister, he insisted on the treaty which Russia had forced on Turkey being sub- mitted to a congress of the powers. In 1878 he accompanied Disraeli to the con- gress at Berlin, and on the death of that statesman became the recognized leader of the Conservative party. He became premier as well as foreign secretary on the fall of the Gladstone government in 1885. Gladstone succeeded again to power in the end of the same year, but in the June following was defeated on the Irish bills, when Salisbury again became pre- mier and foreign secretary. His party maintained a majority by means of the adherence of the Liberal Unionists, who were represented in the cabinet by Mr. Goschen. He retired from office in 1892; was recalled on the fall of the Rosebery ministry in 1895, and again retired in 1902. He was always a friend of the United States. The Hay-Pauncefote treaty for an Isth- mian canal was the last important event in which he took an active part. He was for a long time Chancellor of Oxford University. He died Aug. 22, 1903. SALISBURY, ROLLIN D., an Amer- ican educator, born at Spring Prairie, Wis., in 1858. He graduated from Beloit College in 1881 and was on the faculty of that institution as professor of biology and geology from 1884 to 1891. He was professor of general and geographic ge- ology at the University of Wisconsin in 1891-2. In the latter year he went to the University of Chicago, where in 1899 he became dean of the Ogden School of Science, and in 1903 head of the depart- ment of geography. He also served as assistant United States geologist, from 1882 to 1894. From 1919 he was head of the department of geology at the Uni- versity of Chicago. His writings include "The Physical Geography of New Jersey" (1898) ; "The Elements of Geography" (1912); and "Geology" (1914). SALISBURY PLAIN, in South Wilt- shire, England, an undulating tract of chalky down affording splendid pasture for sheep. SALIVA, the transparent watery fluid secreted by glands connected with the mouth. The quantity secreted in 24 hours varies; its average amount is probably from 1 to 3 ounces. The purposes served by saliva are mechanical and chemical. It keeps the mouth in a due condition of moisture, and by mixing with the food during mastication it makes it a soft pulpy mass such as may be easily swal- lowed. The chemical action of saliva on the food is to convert the starchy elements into some kind of sugar. The salivary glands are compound tubular glands known as the parotid, the sub-maxillary, and the sub-lingual, and numerous smaller bodies of similar structure, and with separate ducts, which are scattered thickly beneath the mucous membrane of the lips, cheeks, soft palate, and root of the tongue. Salivary glands are absent in some mammals and reptiles, and in most fishes. SALIVATION, the act or process of exciting or producing an unusual secre- tion and discharge of saliva, generally by the use of mercury; ptyalism; an ab- normally abundant secretion and flow of saliva. SALIX, the willow, a genus of plants, order Salicacese. The species found in the United States are numerous, and com- monly known as willows, osiers, and swal- lows. Their timber, though wanting in strength and durability, is applied to many useful purposes; and the wood of the flexible branches and twigs is largely employed for basket-work, hoops, etc. The sage willow, S. tristis, a small, downy shrub with a profusion of aments in spring appearing before the leaves, is the most common species in the Northern and Middle States. A peculiar crystal- line alkaloid, resembling quinine in its properties, called salicine, has been ob- tained from the bark, leaves, or flowers of about 20 species of this genus. SALLEE, SAL!, or SLA, a seaport of Morocco; on the Atlantic, at the mouth of the Bu-Ragreb, on the N. side of the river, opposite Rabat. It was for cen- turies notorious as a haunt of pirates, and gave its name to the Sallee Rovers, who carried the terror of their name into the English Channel, and who are known to every reader of "Robinson Crusoe." Pop. about 20,500. SALLUST, GAIUS SALLUSTIUS CRISPUS, a Roman historian; born in Amiternum in 86 B. C. He became trib- une in 52 B. C, and in the civil war sided with Caesar. In 47 B. c. he was praetor elect, and in the following year accom- panied Caesar to the African War, where he was left as governor of Numidia. He returned with immense wealth, was ac- cused of maladministration and oppres- sion, and after Caesar's death lived in luxurious retirement. Sallust wrote sev- eral historical works in a clear and con- cise style. His "Catilinarian War" is a
