SAN STEFANO 241 SANTA BARBARA CHANNEL cardinal notions which are never ques- tioned, and have assumed the force of axioms in Hindu philosophy — viz., the pantheistic notion of the spiritual unity of all sentient beings, and the transmi- gration of souls. Six philosophical systems are recog- nized by orthodox Hindus, which fall, however, into three pairs so closely con- nected that each pair forms a common school of philosophy — viz., "Mimamsa" and "Vedanta," "Sankhya" and "Yoga," "Nyaya" and "Vai'seshika." Nothing certain is as yet known as to their date or order. The tenets of each system are propounded in a manual of concise aphorisms, ascribed to the respective founders, and commented on by numerous writers. The "Vedanta," i. e., "end of the Veda" — as the "Uttara-Mimamsa" ("Later Inquiry") is more commonly called — is the system most closely in accord with the development of religious thought in Brahmanical India. According to this system, God is the omniscient and omnip- otent cause, efficient as well as material, of the world: He is both creator and nature; and at the consummation of things all are resolved into Him. The individual soul is of the same essence as the supreme one; it emanates from Him like one of the sparks that issue from a blazing fire, and ultimately returns to Him. It is not a free agent, but ruled by God ; its activity — the source of its suffering — being solely due to its bodily organs. The "Yoga" school, founded by Patan- jali, accepts the speculative system of the Sankhya witb its 25 principles; but adds thereto a 26th — viz., the "self de- void of attributes," the supreme god of the school, whence the "Yoga" is also called the Theistic Sankhya. SAN STEFANO, TREATY OF, a treaty which put an end to the Russo- Turkish War; concluded March 3, 1878, at San Stefano, a town W. of Constan- tinople and a port on the Sea of Mar- mora. By its terms Bulgaria was to become a principality, extending from the Danube to the iEgean, and Rumania, Servia, and Montenegro were recognized as independent. Russia was to receive a war indemnity of 300,000,000 roubles, and the Dobrudja, Kars, Batum, and other possessions. The congress held at Berlin, in June and July, 1878, greatly altered the provisions of this treaty, ef- fecting peace on somewhat more moder- ate terms. SANTA ANA, a city of California, the county-seat of Orange co. It is on the Southern Pacific and the Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe railroads, and the Pacific Electric railway. Its public in- stitutions include two libraries and a polytechnic high school. It has several large beet sugar factories. Pop. (1910) 8,429; (1920) 15,485. SANTA ANA, or SANTA ANNA, AN- TONIO LOPEZ DE,a Mexican president; born in Jalapa, Mexico, Feb. 21, 1795. He took a prominent part in the expulsion of the Spaniards from Mexico, and pro- claimed the Mexican Republic in 1822. He was in the front during all the Mexi- can troubles till 1833 when he became president. In 1836 he was defeated and taken prisoner by the Texans, but re- turned the following year. He was again president in 1846 and commanded in the war with the United States (1846-1848). After General Scott's occupation of the City of Mexico, in September, 1847, he resigned and left the country, but was president in 1853-1855. He died in the City of Mexico, June 20, 1876. SANTAYANA, GEORGE, a Spanish- American poet and educator; born in Spain in 1863. He was assistant Pro- fessor of Philosophy at Harvard, and published: "Sonnets and Other Poems," and "The Sense of Beauty: An Outline of iEsthetic Theory" (1896); "Lucifer: A Theological Tragedy" (1899) ; "In- terpretations of Poetry and Religion" (1900) ; "The Hermit's Christmas" (1901) ; "The Life of Reason" (5 vols. 1905-1906); "Three Philosophical Poets; Lucretius, Dante and Goethe" (1910) ; "Winds of Doctrine" (1913), etc. SANTA BARBARA, a city and county- seat of Santa Barbara co., Cal.; an Santa Barbara channel, and on the Southern Pacific railroad; 362 miles S. E. of San Francisco. It is located in a region of equable climate, which makes it famous as a midwinter health resort. It is also in a section rich in agriculture and stock raising, and in the production of fruit and wool. Here are a State Normal School of Manual Arts, St. Anthony's College, City hall, Federal building, parks, a high school, libraries, street railroad and electric light plants, many mineral springs, National and State banks, and daily and weekly news- papers. There is a fine harbor, and daily steamboat service N. and S. Santa Barbara exports English walnuts, olive oil, lima beans, and citrus fruits. Pop. (1910) 11,659; (1920) 19,441. SANTA BARBARA CHANNEL, a passage of the sea between San Miguel, Santa Rosa, Santa Cruz, and Anacapa i, islands of the Santa Barbara group, and the coast of California; its width varies from 20 to 30 miles.
