SANTONIN 245 SAO PAULO revolt in 1863. The Spaniards were driven out by a force headed by Jose Maria Cabral in 1865, and the constitu- tion of 1844, with a few changes was re- affirmed. In 1905 the President of the United States undertook to adjust all the heavy financial obligations of the Dominican Government. In 1914 the United States sent a body of Marines to supervise the elections in Santo Do- mingo, and later American troops were employed to put down a revolt which arose in connection with the elections. Troops were retained in the Republic and it became virtually an American protectorate, and a Military Governor, who in 1920 was Rear-Admiral Thomas Snowden, was virtually the executive head of the island. SANTONIN, in chemistry, Ci5H 18 3 ; santonic acid. The active constituent of the blossoms and seeds of Artemisia san- tonica, discovered by Kahler in 1830. It crystallizes in lustrous six-sided flat prisms, which melt at 168°-170° ; insol- uble in cold water, very soluble in alcohol and ether. It is much esteemed as an an- thelmintic. SANTORINI'S CARTILAGES, in an- atomy, two small, yellowish, conical car- tilaginous nodules, articulated with the tips of the arytenoid cartilages; named from their discoverer, G. B. Santorini, an Italian anatomist (1681-1736). SANTOS, a seaport of Brazil, on the N. of the island of Engua Guacu, 34 miles S. S. E. of Sao Paulo. Its harbor is large and commodious, and it has an active trade in sugar and coffee. Pop. about 90,000. SANTOS - DUMONT, ALBERTO, a French aeronaut; born in Brazil, South America, about 1874; was educated large- ly in France, and on the death of his father, made his home in Paris. He was much interested in the problem of aerial navigation and devoted his time and for- tune to the solution of the question. In 1900 he made several partly successful attempts to fly with his dirigible bal- loon; but it was not until 1901 that he succeeded in perfectly controlling his ma- chine in the face of a strong wind. In September, 1901, he won the Deutsch prize of $20,000 for the navigation of a flying machine under certain conditions. In January, 1902, he made several suc- cessful flights near Monte Carlo. Cheva- lier Legion of Honor 1904; officer in 1909. SAO-FRANCISCO, a river of Brazil, known in its upper course as the Parao- peba. It rises in the S. W. of the prov- ince of Minas Geraes, flows N. N. E. through that province and the province of Bahia, forms the boundary between the latter province and Pernambuco, and falls into the Atlantic 50 miles N. N. E. of the town of Sergipe del Rey; length, 1,600 miles, with numerous rapids and cataracts, which make its continuous navigation impossible. SAONE, a river of France, rising in the department of Vosges. After a S. course of 300 miles, it joins the Rhone at Lyons. It is navigable for 232 miles. SAONE, HAUTE (6t s5n) (Upper Sa- one), a department in the east of France; area, 2,074 square miles. It is drained by the Saone, the Ognon, etc., and there are many small lakes. A part of the department belongs to the Vosges mountains. This, which comprises about a fourth of the whole, is rugged and the soil arid, but the low-lying basin is well watered and productive. In addition to cereals, flax and hemp are extensively cultivated; the ordinary fruits generally thrive well, and some districts are almost covered with cherry plantations. Iron is extensively worked, but the main oc- cupations are agriculture and stockrais- ing. Vesoul is the capital. Pop. about 257,000. SAONE-ET-LOIRE, a department of France; area, 3,330 square miles. It is divided by a mountain range, which be- longs to the Cevennes, and it takes its name from the two streams which bound the department on the S., E. and W. respectively. The soil on the whole is not of remarkable fertility, the finest part of the department being the valley of the Saone. The vine is extensively cultivated. The most important mineral is coal, of which there is an extensive field; iron is also worked. There are manufactures of leather, glass, linen and cotton goods ; and the trade is chiefly in agricultural produce, coal, iron, wine, and leather. Macon is the capital. Pop. about 605,000. SAO PAULO, a state in the republic of Brazil; area, 112,278 square miles; stretches from the ocean to the Parana river, and consists of a strip of coast land (8 to 80 miles broad) and an ele- vated region, the latter occupying all the interior, and rising from 1,600 feet; all this part is healthy, and the climate pleasant. The principal ranges are the Serras da Mantiqueira and do Mar. The rivers are numerous, and many of them of importance; regular steamboat ser- vice is maintained on many. Its mineral wealth includes magnetic iron, gold, marble, and precious stones. There is some cattle rearing and a few manu- factures; but the chief industry is agri-
