SARATOFF 248 SARCOPHAGUS servatoire in 1856. He became one of the greatest concert violinists of his time, and no violinist ever traveled more extensively. He composed for the violin romances, fantasias, and transcriptions of Spanish airs and dances. He died in Biarritz in 1908. SARATOV, a city of Russia, on the Volga; 500 miles S. E. of Moscow. It is a city of broad streets and fine squares, and stands on terraces rising from the river. There are nearly 30 churches; a handsome new cathedral (1825), an old cathedral (1697), and Radistcheff's Mu- seum, sheltering a fine art gallery and a library. Prior to the World War it had manufactures of brandy, liquors, flour, oil, and tobacco. Fishing was pros- ecuted in the river, and market garden- ing (especially fruit and the sunflower) in the vicinity. There was an important trade in corn, salt, iron, wooden wares, textiles, and groceries. The city was pillaged by Pugatcheff in 1774 and suf- fered severely from fire several times during the 19th century. Pop. about 235,500. SARATOGA, BATTLES OF, in the Revolutionary War, two battles fought 12 miles E. of Saratoga Springs, N. Y. Burgoyne led the British in the first, while the Americans were under com- mand of Gates, who had Morgan and Arnold as subordinates. The fight on Sept. 19, 1777, was indecisive. On Oct. 7, 1777, the Americans achieved a splen- did victory over the British, the com- manders of both armies being the same as in the first engagement. The result was the surrender of Burgoyne and his army, numbering 5,752 men, to the Amer- icans, Oct. 17, 1777. These contests are sometimes called in history the battles of Stillwater and Bemis' Heights. The American victory came at a critical period of the Revolution. It frustrated the British plan for cutting off New Eng- land from the other states, enlisted the help of France, altered the policy of Parliament and the King and saved the cause of the patriots. Creasy enumer- ates it in his "Fifteen Decisive Battles of the World." SARATOGA LAKE, a lake in Sara- toga co., N. Y., 4 miles E. of Saratoga Springs. It is about 5 miles long and 2 miles wide. SARATOGA SPRINGS, a village in Saratoga co., N. Y.; on the Boston and Maine and the Delaware and Hudson railroads; 38 miles N. of Albany. Be- sides being one of the most fashionable summer resorts in the world, Saratoga is visited by many persons for its medici- nal advantages. Here are a large num- ber of mineral springs, now owned by the State of New York, together with a reservation of some 350 acres; some of these are of great celebrity, the water being used not only for local consump- tion, but bottled in large quantities for exportation. The village contains over 30 hotels, some of great elegance and capable of accommodating more than 1,000 guests each. Here are a Conven- tion Hall, Skidmore School of Arts, Athenaeum, several private schools, hos- pital, armory, National banks, and daily, weekly, and monthly periodicals. There are manufactures of paper, furniture, machinery, etc. Pop. (1910) 12,693; (1920) 13,181. SARAWAK, a state of Borneo, under British government, extending from Cape Datoo on the W. to the Samarahan river on the E. Area about 42,000 square miles. Coast line about 400 miles. The aboriginal inhabitants, called Dyaks, consist of various wild tribes who in 1844 took for their sovereign an Eng- lishman, Sir James Brooke (q. v.), through whom the country is chiefly known. Pop. (1917) 600,000. Capital, Kuching. SARCEY, FRANCISQUE (sar-sa'), a French author; born in Dourdan, France, Oct. 8, 1828. As dramatic critic for Paris journals he was highly esteemed for his independence of judgment and his wide acquaintance with dramatic literature. He published: "History of the Siege of Paris"; "The Word and the Thing," (1862) ; "Etienne Moret," (1875) ; "Recollections of Youth" (1884) ; "Recollections of Mature Age" (1892) ; "The Theater" (1893), etc. He died in Paris, May 16, 1899. SARCINA, a plant of doubtful affinity, probably a fungus, consisting of minute quadrilateral bodies in fours, or some multiple of four. S. ventriculi was first observed by Goodsir in human vomit. SARCOMA, plural SARCOMATA, can- cerous growth, consisting of connective tissue cells retaining their embryonic condition. Those that remain in this ele- mentary condition are round cells; those which advance one stage further are spindle-shaped; and a third kind orig- inating in the bone, and having large nucleated myeloid cells, are called mye- loid. The first is the most malignant. SARCOPHAGUS, plural SARCOPH- AGI, a kind of stone used among the Greeks for making coffins, and so called because it was believed to have the prop- erty of consuming the flesh of dead bodies deposited in it within a few weeks. It was also called "A.ssos stone," from
