RHENISH PRUSSIA 16 RHETORIC was one of the great centers of the woolen manufacture in France, and its manufactures, embracing woolen goods (especially merinoes), mixed fabrics in silk and wool, etc., known in commerce as "Articles de Rheims." During the World War the Germans repeatedly bombarded the town and practically de- stroyed it. The famous cathedral was the special mark of their long-range guns and was badly shattered. Rheims was never entered by the Germans. Pop. (in normal times) about 118,000. RHENISH PRUSSIA ( German, Rheinland), the extreme W. province of Prussia, touching W. and N. Luxemburg, Belgium, and Holland; area, 10,423 square miles; greatest length from N. to S. about 200 miles; greatest breadth about 90; pop. about 7,120,000. In the S. it is hilly, being traversed by the ranges of the Eiffel, Hochwald, etc. It is watered by the Rhine, the Moselle, and some affluents of the Meuse. A large proportion of the surface is in forest. Besides the usual cereal crops, tobacco, hops, flax, rape, hemp, and beet-root are raised; fruit culture and the vine culture are also carefully attended to. Cattle are extensively reared. It is the most important mineral district in Ger- many, abounding in coal, iron, lead, zinc, etc. It is likewise an active manufactur- ing district, there being numerous iron works and machine shops, textile fac- tories, breweries, distilleries, etc. It is divided into five governments or districts of Coblentz, Treves, Cologne, Aachen (Aix-la-Chapelle), and Dusseldorf. The city of Coblentz is the official capital of the province, but Cologne is the town of most importance. A portion of Rhenish Prussia was included in the occupied area following the armistice of Nov. 11, 1918. Coblentz was the chief depot for the American Army of Occupation, while Cologne was the headquarters for the British forces. See Ruhr District; Sarre Basin. RHESUS, a king of Thrace, whose horses were carried off and himself killed by Ulysses and Diomede, in the night on which he came to assist Priam, be- fore they could drink of the water of the Xanthus, as the oracle had declared that otherwise Troy could not be taken. RHESUS, a genus of monkeys, sepa- rated by Lesson from Macacus. Also Macacus rhesus, the Rhesus monkey, from India, in some parts of which it is considered sacred. Length, from 18 inches to 2 feet; tail from 6 to 8 inches. Prevailing color olive-green, brown on back, face pale flesh-color, callosities and insides of legs often very red. RHETORIC, in its broadest sense, the theory and practice of eloquence, whether spoken or written. It aims at expound- ing the rules which should govern all prose composition or speech designed to influence the judgments or the feelings of men, and therefore treats of every- thing that relates to beauty or force of style, such as accuracy of expression, the structure of periods, and figures of speech. But in a narrower sense rhe- toric concerns itself with a consideration of the fundamental principles according to which particular discourses of an oratorical kind are composed. The first to reduce oratory to a system were the Sicilian Greeks; its actual founder is said to have been Corax of Syracuse (466 B. a). He divided the speech into five parts, proem, narrative, arguments, subsidiary remarks, and peroration; and he laid great stress on the rhetorical capabilities of general probability. Later masters of rhetoric were Tisias; Gorgias of Leontini, whose style was burdened with two much ornament and antithesis; Antiphon, the earliest of the so-called "Ten Attic Orators," and the first writer of speeches for others to deliver in court. The speeches given by his great pupil Thucydides throughout his history, and the orations of Andocides, second of the Ten, are severely free from the florid ornament of later days. Lysias was an orator rather than a rhetorician; Isocra- tes first thoroughly taught rhetoric, which he defined as the "science of persuasion," as a technical method and discipline. His most celebrated pupils were Hyperides, Speusippus, and Isaeus. The great De- mosthenes was a pupil of the last. His opponent, iEschines, and his contempo- raries, Hyperides, Lycurgus, and Di- narchus complete the Ten. Anaximenes of Lampsacus composed the oldest extant manual of rhetoric, but the great classi- cal work on this subject is the analyti- cal masterpiece of Aristotle. According to him its function is not to persuade, but to discover the available means of persuasion in any subject. He regards it as the counterpart of logic. He divides the three provinces of rhe- toric thus: (1) Deliberative rhetoric, con- cerned with exhortation or dissuasion, and future time, its ends expediency and inexpediency; (2) forensic rhetoric, con- cerned with accusation or defense, and with time past, its ends justice and in- justice; (3) epideictic rhetoric, concerned with eulogy or censure, and usually with time present, its ends being honor and disgrace, or nobleness and shamefulness. Aristotle's method dominated the Peri- patetic school, but later began to be modified by the florid influence of Asia, the originator of which was Hegesias of
