SCHARNHORST 275 SCHEFFEL SCHARNHORST, GERHARD JO- ' HANN DAVID VON, a Prussian mili- tary officer; born in Bordenau, Hanover, Nov. 12, 1755. He entered the army of Hanover, and took part in the campaigns in Flanders of the years 1793-1795. In 1801 he transferred his services to Prus- sia and was appointed director of the training school for Prussian officers. Five years later he was wounded at Auer- stadt and taken prisoner at Liibeck, but released in time to be present at the battle of Eylau. In 1807 he began the great work of his life; he was put at the head of the commission for reorganizing the armies of Prussia. He reformed the army, introduced the short service (Krumper) system, created a better spirit among both officers and men, and so con- verted what had been a mercenary force into a national army. It was principally by means of this new weapon that Ger- many was able to crush Napoleon at Leipsic six years later (1813). Scharn- horst was wounded at Grossgorschen while acting as chief of the staff of the Silesian army, and died in Prague, Bo- hemia, June 28, 1813. SCHATJFFLER, ROBERT HAVEN, an American writer and musician, born at Briinn, Austria, in 1879, of American parents. He graduated from Princeton in 1902, and took post-graduate studies at the University of Berlin, where he also studied music. He was musical editor of several magazines, and contributed on musical subjects to many periodicals. During the World War he served as regi- mental intelligence officer for the 313th Infantry, and was severely wounded in the Meuse-Argonne offensive. His pub- lished writings include "Where Speech Ends" (1906) ; "Romantic Germany" (1909); "Scum o' the Earth and Other Poems" (1912) "Romantic America" (1913); "The Joyful Heart" (1915). SCHATJMBTTRG - LIPPE, a former principality of the German Empire, pro- claimed a republic in November, 1918. Area, 131 square miles. In the north it is hilly and well wooded. The principal article of manufacture is linen. In the south agriculture and gardening are the chief industries, while coal is mined in the east. Pop., about 47,000, all of whom, with the exception of some 750 Catholics and some 250 Jews, are Protestant. The capital is Buckeburg (pop. about 6,000). Previous to November, 1918, the country was ruled by a cadet branch of the Lippe family. The state became a principality in 1807, joined the North German Con- federation in 1866, and became a part of the German Empire in 1871. SCHEELITE, native calcium tung- state, CaW04, an important ore of tung- sten. Occurs as a pale-colored, stony looking mineral. Owing to its unusual heaviness it was given the name tung- sten by the Swedes, meaning "heavy stone." The name was later used to de- scribe the metal when it was discovered in 1781 by K. W. Scheele, while the ore itself was given the name scheelerz or scheelite. SCHEFF, FRITZI, an Austro-Ameri- can prima donna, born in Vienna, Aus- tria, in 1882. She received her musical education at Frankfort, Germany, and appeared on the operatic stage for the first time at the Munich Opera House, in 1900. In 1902 she made her first ap- pearance at the Metropolitan Opera House, New York, remaining a member of its company under the management of Maurice Grau, from 1900 to 1903. In the latter year she appeared in New York for the first time in a musical com- edy, to which work she devoted herself until 1913. From 1913 to 1918 she ap- peared principally in vaudeville, return- ing in the latter year to the musical opera stage in "Glorianna." She was married three times; first to Baron von Bardeleben of the German army, second to John Fox, Jr. (q. v.), and third to George Anderson, an actor. SCHEFFEL, JOSEPH VICTOR VON (shef'el), a German author; born in Karlsruhe, Germany, Feb. 16, 1826. In JOSEPH VICTOR VON SCHEFFEL 1854 he published his famous epic poem, "The Trumpeter of Sackingen." The his- torical novel "Ekkehard" came out in
