SCHMALKALDEN 280 SCHNITZLER Sampson's fleet on June 30, and on July 3 the combined fleets, under the personal direction of Commodore Schley, attacked and totally destroyed the Spanish fleet while endeavoring to escape from the har- bor. In August, 1898, he was promoted rear-admiral. Owing to the absence of Rear-Admiral Sampson, Schley's ranking officer, from the actual battle of Santiago, a controversy arose between the friends of the two officers as to whom the credit for the victory belonged. Schley, having been accused of discreditable actions, asked for the appointment of a court of inquiry which convened Sept. 12, 1901, Admiral Dewey presiding. The majority report found Schley guilty of vacillation, lack of enterprise, and disobedience; while Dewey's report praised Schley for efficient service, and gave him the credit for the destruction of Cervera's fleet. Schley filed with the Secretary of the Navy objections to the majority report, but it was nevertheless approved by Sec- retary Long, Dec. 20, 1901. The Presi- dent when appealed to, also approved the findings of the court. He died in New York City, N. Y., Oct. 2, 1911. SCHMALKALDEN, LEAGUE OF, a defensive alliance concluded at Schmal- kalden, April 4, 1531, between nine Prot- estant princes and 11 imperial cities, with whom other princes and imperial cities subsequently made common cause. The Elector of Saxony and the Landgrave of Hesse were appointed chiefs of the ■league. The object of this formidable alliance, which included nearly all the Protestant States from Denmark to Swit- zerland, was the common defense of the religion and political freedom of the Prot- estants against the Emperor Charles V. and the Catholic states. The confedera- tion was consolidated by the "Articles of Schmalkalden," drawn up by Luther at Wittenberg in 1536. A conflict was of course inevitable. In the war of Schmal- kalden that ensued (1546), when the em- peror got leisure to turn his attention to the matter, the strength of the Protes- tants was crippled and dissipated by jeal- ousies, but especially by the defection of Duke Maurice of Saxony, so that in the battle of Muhlberg (April 24, 1547) the Elector of Saxony (the head of the elder branch of the Saxon house, Duke Maurice being the head of the younger branch), Philip of Hesse, and other Protestant chiefs were taken prisoners and their army routed. This caused the league to break up. The Protestant cause was, however, revived five years later by Duke Maurice, who had in the meantime been made elector instead of his unfortunate kinsman, and who, in 1552, returned to his old allegiance to Luther's teaching. SCHMALKALDEN, an old town of Hesse-Nassau, Prussia; 19 miles S. W. of Gotha; surrounded with double walls; contains a castle, a town hall, in which the historic "articles" were signed; and carries on iron mining and hardware manufactures. It is the birthplace of Karl Wilhelm (1815-1873), composer of the music of "The Watch on the Rhine." SCHNEIDEMUHL, a town in Prussia, Germany. It is situated in the province of Posen, 153 miles by railway N. E. of Berlin. It is a well-built town, with some interesting churches, a seminary for priests, hospitals and deaf and dumb asylum. The industries include glass- making. Pop. about 27,500. SCHNITZER, EDWARD, better known as Emin Pasha, an African ex- plorer; born in Oppeln, Germany, March 28, 1840. Studying medicine, he gradu- ated in 1864. Proceeding to Turkey, he practiced his profession. He adopted the name of Emin, and Turkish habits and customs, entering the Egyptian medical service as Dr. Emin Effendi. In 1878 he was appointed by Gordon Pasha governor of the Equatorial Province. He showed himself an enlightened ruler and a bitter foe to slavery. He added greatly to the anthropological knowledge of central Africa and published valuable geographi- cal papers. He entered the German ser- vice, 1889, and commanded an expedition to central Africa; made treaties with the Arabs of Tabora, and founded three large German stations on Victoria Lake; established a chain of military posts from Mpwapwa to the interior; in 1891 pressed onward into the heart of cen- tral Africa, and in 1892 S. toward the equator. He was murdered by Arab slave traders in the Kongo Free State, Oct. 20, 1892. SCHNITZLER, ARTHUR, an Aus- trian dramatist and short-story writer, born in Vienna, in 1862. He was edu- cated in his native city and in 1885 received the degree of M.D. from the University of Vienna. He practiced medi- cine until 1893, when he published with great success, "Anatole," a sequence of seven one-act dramas of modern life in Vienna. These, as well as later creations of his, have been played successfully, not only on Austrian and German stages, but also in many other countries, including the United States. Among his other dra- matic works were "Der Griine Kakadu" (1899); "Paracelsus" (1899); "Leben- dige Stunden" (1902) ; "Der Einsame Weg" (1904) ; "Der Ruf des Lebens" (1905) ; "Comptess Mizzi" (1909) ; "Das Weite Land" (1911) ; "Professor Bern- hardt' (1913) ; etc. Among his fictional
