SCHOODIC LAKES 282 SCHOPENHAUER residences of business people working in Berlin and has an aerial navigation bureau of the German army, with hospi- tal for the insane and an observatory. The industries include military supplies, photographic materials, paper, railway locomotives. Pop. about 175,000. SCHOODIC LAKES, a chain of lakes in Maine, forming a part of the boundary between the state and the province of New Brunswick. The two larger lakes are Grand and First. The outlet of the chain is Schoodic river, which flows into the St. Croix river about 50 miles from its mouth; length, 25 miles. SCHOOLCRAFT, HENRY ROWE, an American author, noted as an Indian au- thority; born in Albany co., N. Y., March 28, 1793. Thirty years of his life he spent among the Indians, and through him many laws were enacted for their protection. Among his numerous publi- cations are: "Travels in the Central Por- tions of the Mississippi Valley" (1825) ; "Indian Melodies," a poem (1830) ; "The Man of Bronze" (1834) ; "Algic Re- searches," a book of Indian allegories and legends (1839) ; and "The Indian and His Wigwam" (1848). He died in Washing- ton^. C, Dec. 10, 1864. SCHOOL. See Common Schools, Sec- ondary Schools, Technical Education, etc. SCHOOLS, MEDICAL INSPECTION OF, a function which has been taken up by municipal and state governments only within recent years. As has been shown by statistics, many pupils are backward in their studies only because of lack of physical vitality. In 1920 it was shown that so many pupils in the schools of Brooklyn, N. Y., were compelled to pass through the same grades twice that, at the average cost of forty dollars a term for each pupil, the borough lost $2,000 f - 000. On this basis various social organi- zations demanded an appropriation from the city of $100,000 for more effective medical aid to the school-children, con- tending that more than half of the extra expense could thus be saved. Medical school inspection was first instituted in France in 1886; then, in succession, this example was followed by Belgium, Hun- gary, Chile, Germany and Great Britain, the latter in 1908. In this country it was first instituted in New York City, in 1892; then in Boston, in 1894; in Chicago, in 1895, and in Philadelphia, in 1898. Practically every American city now has adopted medical inspection and several states have made it obligatory in all schools. In the larger communities this includes the services of visiting nurses, who instruct the children in personal hy- giene. Out of 252,000 school-children in- spected in New York City, in 1919, 74 per cent were found defective physically, defective teeth and vision being the chief faults. SCHOONER, a vessel of two, three, or more masts and fore-and-aft-sails — i. e., extended on boom and gaff. The masts have but one splice, the topgallant, if any, forming part of the topmast stick. When a schooner has none but fore-and- aft sails, she is termed a fore-and-aft schooner; if carrying a square foretop- sail and fore-topgallant sail, a topsail schooner. This latter rig, formerly common, has now become rare. Square- rigged vessels have also lower fore-and- aft sails, denominated spencers or try- sails, but these are small and are brailed up to the gaff when furled, instead of being lowered like those of a schooner. SCHOPENHAUER, ARTHUR, a Ger- man philosopher; born in Danzic, Feb. 22, 1788; son of Johanna Schopenhauer, the popular novelist and litterateur. He studied at Gottingen, attended the lec- tures of Fichte at Berlin, spent some time at Weimar and Dresden, and led a very ARTHUR SCHOPENHAUER restless life till 1831, when he settled at y Frankfort-on-the-Main. He despised his countrymen and their philosophies, and studied French and English literature and latterly Oriental religions. He be- came an enthusiast for Buddha and the Vedas, and enjoyed tracing all Western accomplishments to Eastern sources. The principal work of Schopenhauer is en*
