SCOTTDALE 302 SCRANTON of the "War of 1812 he was appointed lieutenant-colonel and fought at Queens- town Heights. In 1813 he was promoted adjutant-general; in 1814, brigadier- general and brevet major-general. On July 3 he took Fort Erie, on the 5th fought the battle of Chippewa, and 20 days after, that of Lundy's Lane. He took part in the operations against the Seminoles and Creeks (1835-1837), in the Nullification disturbances in South Caro- lina, and in the Canadian revolt of 1837- 1838. In 1841 he was appointed com- mander-in-chief of the United States Army, and in 1846 commanded in the Mexican War. In 1847 he won the vic- tories of Vera Cruz, Cerro Gordo, Jalapa, Perote, Puebla, Contreras, Churubusco, Molino del Rey and Chapultepec, and seized Mexico, Sept. 14. The same year he was brevetted lieutenant-general. In 1859 he was a commissioner to settle the San Juan dispute with Great Britain; and in 1852 was. the unsuccessful candi- date of the Whig party for. the presi- dency. In 1862 he retired from the army, retaining, by special act of Congress, his pay and allowance. General Scott com- piled the "General Regulations of the Army," and translated and adapted from the French the system of "Infantry Tac- tics" which was used as the textbook of the army. In 1864 he published his "Autobiography." He died in West Point, N. Y., May 29, 1866. SCOTTDALE, a borough of Pennsyl- vania, in Westmoreland co., on the Penn- sylvania and the Baltimore and Ohio rail- roads. It is the center of an important coke industry, and it has also steel and iron mills, brass works, silver works, a casket factory, machine shops, etc. Pop. (1910) 5,456; (1920) 5,768. SCOTTI, ANTONIO, an Italian oper- atic baritone, born at Naples, Italy, in 1866. He studied under Madame Paga- nini and made his first appearance at the Teatro Reale, Malta, in 1889. After singing for 10 years on the stages of many Italian theaters, as well as in Ma- drid, St. Petersburg, Moscow, Warsaw, and South America, he sang in "Don Gio- vanni" in London, in 1899, under the management of Maurice Grau, who imme- diately engaged him for his New York Metropolitan Opera Company. Since then he has appeared regularly each sea- son in the United States, where he ac- quired a high reputation and where he sang leading parts in many of the best known operas. His home was at Naples. SCOTTISH ACADEMY, ROYAL, an institution for the promotion of the fine arts, formed at Edinburgh, Scotland, in 1826. Sculpture and painting are the two arts receiving most attention and the Academy, which was incorporated in 1838, and was organized on the plan of the English Royal Academy, was housed at first in the building of the Royal Insti- tution and there held its annual exhibi- tions. Later arrangements were made by which the exhibition of painting and sculpture of the Royal Scottish Academy were held in the National Gallery. Apart from the exhibitions, the Academy main- tains schools and these also are conducted in the National Gallery. SCOTTJS ERIGENA, JOHANNES (sko' tus e-rij'-ena), a renowned mediaeval phi- losopher of the 9th century- He was an Irishman, as indicated by the surnames Scotus (which in that age meant Irish) and Erigena (of Irish extraction). His life seems to have been passed mostly in France. He was a Platonist rather than an Aristotelian. His greatest work is "Of the Division of Nature," in which he holds for the identity of philosophy and religion, and repels the claim of authority in matters of religious belief. SCRANTON, a city and county-seat of Lackawanna co., Pa. ; on the Lackawanna river, and on the Lackawanna, the New York, Ontario, and Western, the Erie, the Delaware and Hudson, and the Cen- tral of New Jersey railroads; 18 miles N. E. of Wilkes-Barre. The city is the third largest in the state in population, and is the heart of the extensive anthra- cite coal section. It is built on a plateau in the Lackawanna valley amid beautiful scenery. Business Interests. — Scranton has a large general trade, and is one of the chief points for the shipment of anthra- cite coal. The manufacture of iron and steel forms the principal industry. In 1920 there were 4 National banks in operation, and many daily, weekly, and monthly periodicals. Public Interests. — The city has an area of over 20 square miles; over 150 miles of streets, and an excellent sewer system. The streets are lighted by electricity. There is a public school enrollment of over 20,000 pupils, and annual expenditures for public education of about $500,000. The city is laid out with wide streets; and has many driveways, squares, and parks. Among the public buildings are a court house, United States Government building, Museum of Natural History, Moses Taylor Hospital, State Hospital, Y. M. C. A. building, International Cor- respondence Schools, Masonic Temple, public library, etc. There are several colleges and academies. Besides the coal industry there are manufactures of knit- goods, lace, locomotives, silk, nuts and bolts, etc.
