SEATTLE 317 SEA-WATER THERAPY 780 feet in length. The outer and inner harbors together have a total frontage of 194 miles. The cargo handling facilities represent an investment of over $20,000,- 000, of which $7,000,000 have been spent by the municipal port of Seattle. Out of the city operate ship services to Alaska, Yokohama, Shanghai, Hongkong, Man- churia, Batavia, Calcutta and other Ori- ental ports. The park and boulevard system of the city comprises nearly 200 acres. There are over 20 improved playgrounds and about 25 miles of scenic boulevards, an observation pier, and a bathing pavilion. The most important parks are Woodland, Ravenna, Kinniar, Madrona, Volunteer, Washington, and Jefferson. The Univer- sity of Washington covers, with its cam- pus, 355 acres within the city limits. The notable buildings include the Cathedral of St. James, Providence Hospital, Fed- eral building, Y. W. C. A. building, Rai- nier Club, and a public library. There are many business building, clubs and theaters. The city has excellent educa- tional facilities including libraries and musical and art institutions. The public library has 9 branches and circulates more than 1,500,000 volumes annually. Practically every religious denomination is represented by churches. It is the seat of the Catholic diocese of Washington. Seattle has developed greatly in recent years as a commercial city. The total imports for the fiscal year 1920 amounted to $173,527,650, and the exports to $228,- 186,694. A large commerce is carried on with China and Japan and it has trade relations with practically every country in Europe, Asia and Africa, as well as Australia. Practically all the trade with Alaska is carried on through Seattle. It is the center of a great agricultural and stock raising area which includes practically the States of Washington, Oregon, Idaho, Montana and Wyoming. It is also the principal headquarters of the great lumbering industry of Wash- ington. Its business in fish exceeds $73,- 000,000 per annum. The industrial importance of the city has greatly increased in recent years. This has especially followed the opening of the Panama canal. During the World War it was an important shipbuilding center and nearly 20% of all the mer- chant ships secured by the government during the first 12 months of the war were launched in the yards of the city. In 1920 there were over 40,000 workers in shipyards, metal working plants, and in the 1,300 industrial establishments. The annual payroll amounts to over $200,000,000. Lumber and flour manu- facturing rank after shipbuilding in im- portance. Industries connected with the U— Cyc steel and iron industry made great head- way in the five years dating from 1915. Among other important industries are rolling mills, car shops, meat packing plants, manufactures of logging and min- ing machinery, wireless apparatus, wood pipe, gas engines, airplanes, stoves, shoes, cans, bags and rope. Power is furnished by hydro-electric plants, and it has been developed on a low basis of cost. There were in 1919 seven National and many private banks. The saving deposits amounted to $61,416,305. The bank clear- ings in that year were $2,021,004,351. In 1909 the Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Ex- position was held in Seattle. It was at- tended by nearly 8,000,000 persons. Pop. (1900) 80,671; (1910) 237,194; (1920) 315,312. SEA UNICORN, a popular name given to the narwhal. SEA URCHIN, one of the Echinoids, or Echinidse, an order of Echinodermata. They have the body covered with a cal- careous crust or shell, of an extremely porous structure, in polygonal plates nice- ly adapted to each other, and increasing by additions to the edges of each plate, so that the shell may enlarge with the enlargement of the animal, while new plates are also added around the superior orifice. The shell is pierced with rows of holes for the ambulacra, and is externally covered in a living state with a mem- brane, sometimes very delicate, sometimes thick and spongy, and unites the bases of all the spines. The spines differ very much in the different genera and species. They are attached to tubercles on the sur- face of the shell by cup-like bases capable of working upon the tubercles in the manner of a ball-and-socket joint; and they are moved by means of the connect- ing membrane so as to be employed in locomotion. By means of the spines, some can walk even on dry ground; others em- ploy them in burying themselves in the sand. The mouth of the Echinidw is sit- uated at the lower orifice of the shell, and is generally furnished with five flat calcareous teeth moved by a very com- plex apparatus of bony sockets and mus- cles. Their food is supposed to consist of small crustaceans and mollusks. They abound in all seas. SEA-WATER THERAPY, or THA- LASSOTHERAPY. Sea water is used in the treatment of diseased or unhealthy conditions by two different methods, first- ly by external bathing, secondly by injec- tions into the tissues. The first is, of course, by far the most common. The tonic effects of sea-bathing, even upon the healthy, have long been recognized, but it has been found especially beneficial Vol 6
