SHAMANISM 371 SHANNON dure the severest winters. The shallot is used to season soups and made dishes, and makes a good addition in sauces, salads, and pickles. SHAMANISM, a form of religion prac- ticed in Siberia. There is no system of belief, and the only religious ceremonies consist in the Shamans working them- selves into a fury, and supposing or pre- tending that they are inspired by the spirit in whose name they speak, and through whose inspiration they are en- abled to answer questions and foretell the future. SHAMOKIN, a borough in Northum- berland co., Pa.; on the Philadelphia and Reading, and Pennsylvania railroads; 18 miles S. E. of Sunbury. It is located in the anthracite coal section. Here are electric lights, electric railroads, water- works, National and State banks, and daily and weekly newspapers. The bor- ough has machine shops, foundries, and a number of mines. Pop. (1910) 19,588; (1920) 21,204. SHAMPOOING, the name given in the East Indies to a process connected with bathing, in which the whole body is pressed and kneaded by the hands of the attendants. In the United States the term is applied to the thorough cleansing of the scalp by lathering, rubbing and washing. SHAMROCK, a ternate-leaved plant, adopted by the Irish as their national emblem. Many and warm have been the disputes to determine the veritable sham- rock. Some writers contend for the Ox- alis acetosella, or wood sorrel, the leaves of which unfold about St. Patrick's day; while others maintain that the Trifolium repens, or white clover, is the favored plant. Legends make out that St. Pat- rick, when preaching the Gospel to the benighted inhabitants of Ireland, illus- trated the great doctrine of the Trinity by the triple leaf of the shamrock. Whether he plucked the bright, green leaf of the wood sorrel, or the more fa- miliar herbage of the white clover, can- not now be determined. The latter is, however, now generally worn by Irish- men on St. Patrick's day. SHANGHAI (shang-hr), a city and seaport of China, in the province of Ki- angsu; near the junction of the Hwang- pu and the Wu-sung rivers. The Chinese city proper is inclosed within walls 24 feet high, the streets being narrow and dirty, and the buildings low, crowded, and for the most part unimportant. In 1843 Shanghai was opened as one of the five treaty ports, and an important for- eign settlement is now established (with a separate government) outside the city walls. The Wu-sung here is about % mile wide, and increases to over 1 mile at its outlet into the Yang-tsze, at the port of Wu-sung. Along the bank of the river extends a wide "bund" or quay, with a bulwark of stone and numerous stone jetties, for landing and loading cargo. A municipal council is elected by the English and Americans, and another by the French, whose quarter is sepa- rately administered. The subjects and citizens of each nationality are under the protection of their respective consuls, and a complete judicial staff has been estab- lished, forming at Shanghai a supreme court, with jurisdiction over all British subjects in China and Japan. The Chi- nese authorities retain complete control over all shipping dues, duties on imports and exports, etc. The chief imports are cottons, yarns, woolens, kerosene, dyes, sugar, cotton machinery and metals; and the exports, hides, cotton yarn, wool, silk, tea, rice, and raw cotton. Most of the foreign trade is in the hands of British merchants. Pop. (1918) 1,000,000. SHANHAIKWAN, a town of the province of Chihli, China. It has forti- fications and is situated at the E. end of the Great Wall, on the Gulf of Pechili. It is divided into three different quarters by thick walls, the three quarters being inclosed by another wall. Business is transacted in the central town, the others being given over to officials and residents. Pop. about 38,000. SHANXLIN, WILLIAM ARNOLD, an American educator, born at Carroll- ton, Mo., in 1862. He graduated from Hamilton College, in 1883, and afterward studied at the Garrett Biblical Institute. He was ordained to the Methodist Epis- copal ministry in 1889, and served as pastor in churches in Kansas, Washing- ton, Iowa, and Pennsylvania. From 1905 to 1909 he was president of the Upper Iowa University, and in the latter year was chosen president of Wesleyan Uni- versity. SHANNON, a large river in the W. of Ireland, and one of the finest in the British Islands. It has a length of 220 miles, and is divided into the Upper and Lower Shannon. The Upper Shannon, by far the longest and narrowest part of the river, rises in the mountains of Ul- ster, at the N. W. extremity of the county of Cavan from the Cuilcagh Mountains, and flowing S. enters and passes through Lough Allen, till, quitting the county of Leitrim, it flows S. and E. and S. W. to the town of Banagher, forming from this portion of its course the boundary be- tween Connaught and Leinster. From
