SMALL 467 SMELTING whose character probably comes nearest to that of the old Slavic type, travel in great numbers over Germany and Poland as peddlers. Their language is a dialect of the Bohemian. See Czecho-Slovakia. SMALL, ALBION WOODBURY, an American educator, born at Buchfield, Me., in 1854. He was educated at Colby College, the Newton Theological Institu- tion, the Universities of Berlin and Leip- zig, and Johns Hopkins University. From 1881 to 1888 he was professor of history and political economy at Colby College, and from 1889 to 1892 president of this institution. From 1892 to 1905 he was professor and head of the department of sociology at the University of Chicago, and since 1905 Dean of the Graduate School of Arts and Literature. Begin- ning with 1895 he was editor of the "American Journal of Sociology." He wrote "General Sociology" (1905) ; "Ad- am Smith and Modern Sociology" (1907) ; "The Cameralists" (1909) ; "The Meaning of Social Science" (1910) ; "Between Eras" (1913). SMALLEY, GEORGE WASHBURN, an American journalist; born in Frank- lin, Mass., June 2, 1833. During the American Civil War, the war between Prussia and Austria, and the Franco-Ger- man War, he distinguished himself as war correspondent of the New York "Trib- une," and as representative of the same in London (1867-1895) he gained an emi- nent rank in journalism. His "London Letters and Some Others" and "Studies of Men" were widely popular. He pub- lished two series of "Anglo-American Memories" (1911-1912). He became American correspondent of the London "Times" in 1895. He died in 1916. SMALLPOX, an eruptive febrile dis- ease, which happily is not now nearly so prevalent as it once was. According to some Arabic historians, it came first from Ethiopia into Arabia about A. D. 572. The wars which were carried on in the East, and particularly the Crusades in the 12th and 13th centuries, introduced it into Eu- rope, first into Spain and France, and then into other countries. This disease commonly commences with the usual fe- brile symptoms; as rigors, pain in the back and loins, great prostration of strength, followed by heat and dryness of the skin, a hard and frequent pulse, loss of appetite, pain in the epigastrium, with nausea, vomiting, headache, and some- times delirium or convulsions. About the third day an eruption of small, hard, red- colored pimples makes its appearance about the face and neck, and gradually extends over the trunk and extremities. The pimples gradually ripen into pus- tules, which, on the eighth day, generally begin to break, and crusts or scabs form on these last, falling off in four or five days more. When the pustules are nu- merous they run together and form an irregular outline; when fewer they are distinct and of a regularly circumscribed circular form. The former is technically called variola conftnens, and the other variola discreta; the former being never free from danger, the latter seldom or never dangerous. SMART, CHRISTOPHER, an English poet, and one of the interesting figures of literary history; born in Shipbourne, Kent, England, April 11, 1722. His fame rests on a "Song to David" (1763). Noted also is a version of Horace which had a wide sale. Other works are: "Poems" (1752) ; "Power of the Supreme Being" (1753); "The Hilliah: An Epic Poem" (1753) ; "Poems on Several Occasions" (1763) ; "Translation of the Psalms of David" (1765); and many miscellaneous essays, poems and translations. He died in London, May 21, 1771. SMELT, Osmerus eperlanus; a small anadromous fish; common on the coasts and in the fresh waters of northern and central Europe, and of corresponding American latitudes, from August to May, returning to the sea after it has deposited its eggs. It sometimes becomes landlocked in lakes. New Zealand smelt, Ketropinna richardsoni, one of the Salmonidze, found only in the rivers of New Zealand. SMELTING, the act or process of obtaining metal from ore by the combined action of heat, air, and fluxes. The oper- ation varies according to the different metallic ores to be operated on. In smelt- ing iron the ore is first roasted in a kiln in order to drive off the water, sulphur, and arsenic with which it is more or less combined in its native state, and is then subjected to the heat of a blast-furnace along with certain proportions of coke or coal and limestone, varying according to the quality and composition of the ore to be heated. The smelting of copper con- sists in alternate roastings and fusions. The first of these operations is calcining the ore in furnaces in which the heat is applied and increased gradually till the temperature is as high as the ore can support without melting or agglutinating, when the ore is thrown into an arch formed under the sole of the furnace. The second operation, or fusion of the calcined ore, is performed in a luted fur- nace, the ore having been spread uni- formly over the hearth, and fluxes, such as lime, sand, or fluorspar, being added when required, though the necessity for this addition is sought to be obviated by
