SOUTH AFRICAN WAR 501 SOUTH AUSTRALIA nature, General Smuts made a strong protest against some of its terms and announced that he signed the Peace Treaty only under protest. General Bo- tha returned home in July, 1919, and died suddenly at Pretoria on Aug. 28, 1919. He was succeeded as Premier by General Smuts. As compared with most of the other countries which had been involved in the World War, the Union suffered, during 1919 and 1920, compar- atively few of the difficulties which the return to peace conditions brought about elsewhere. Business was in a prosper- ous condition and the far-sighted policies of the government in respect to the re- establishment of ex-soldiers and to the prevention of unemployment, met the issues at stake successfully. SOUTH AFRICAN WAR. See BOER War. SOUTH AMBOY, a city of New Jer- sey, in Middlesex co. It is on the Rari- tan river and bay, directly opposite Perth Amboy, and on the Pennsylvania, the Central of New Jersey, and the Rari- tan River railroads. It is an important manufacturing city and has pottery, terra cotta, underwear, cigars, and brick manufactures. Pop. (1910) 7,007; (1920) 7,897. SOUTH AMERICA. See America. SOUTHAMPTON, a borough and sea- port town of England, in the county of Hants, on a peninsula at the mouth of the Itchen, near the head of Southamp- ton Water, 18 miles N. W. of Ports- mouth, and 79 miles S. W. of London. It is built on rising ground, and consists of an old and a new town, the former at one time surrounded by walls flanked with towers, of which portions still re- main; and entered by several gates, of which three, still standing, bear the names of West Gate, South Gate, and Bar Gate. The last, a remarkable struc- ture, and large enough to contain the Gildhall in the upper part of it, is now, in consequence of the growth of the town, nearly in its center, and being placed across the principal street, di- vides it into two parts, the part to the N. being named Above-bar, and to the S. Below-bar or High street. The streets in the older quarters are very irregular, while those in the more modern portion present many fine ranges of buildings. St. Michael's, the oldest of the churches, situated in the W. part of the town, is a spacious Norman structure with many interesting features. Other buildings of interest are the Southampton College, the Hartley Institution, public library, custom house, audit house, the theater, philharmonic rooms, assembly rooms, ordnance map office, baths, etc. About 6 miles from Southampton, and 3 miles from Netley Abbey, is the Victoria Hos- pital for sick soldiers. The first tidal dock was opened for business in 1842. There is ample dock accommodation, and Southampton is one of the most important ports in the kingdom. The manufac- tures are chiefly confined to brewing, coach building, iron casting, sugar re- fining, and shipbuilding. Southampton claims to be a borough by prescription, but its earliest known charter was granted by Henry II. Pop. (1919), 131,289. SOUTHAMPTON, THOMAS WRIO- THESLEY, 1ST EARL OF; born about 1490, and educated at Cambridge, be- came lord-chancellor of Henry VIII. in 1544. He was one of the executors of the will of Henry, and was created Earl of Southampton by Edward VI. Died in 1549, Henry Wriothesley, 3d earl, grandson of the preceding; born in 1573; was a patron of Shakespeare, who dedi- cated to him the poems of "Venus and Adonis," and the "Rape of Lucrece." He was a friend of the Earl of Essex, and was accused of complicity in the latter's treasonable designs. He was convicted and sentenced to death and attainder; but the death sentence was remitted by Elizabeth, and the attainder was removed by Parliament after the accession of James. He was a firm sup- porter of liberty, and in 1621 was com- mitted to close custody by the king, but was released through the influence of Buckingham. He aided the Dutch in their struggle against Spain, and died in Bergen-op-Zoom in 1624. Thomas Wriothesley, 4th earl, born in 1607, was at first a supporter of the Commons in resisting the encroachments of Charles I., but with Strafford went over to the royal side and was made a privy coun- cillor. Being one of the leaders of the moderate party he lived unmolested in England during the Commonwealth. Upon the restoration of Charles II. he was made lord high treasurer. He died in 1667. SOUTHAMPTON WATER, an inlet of the sea, in the S. of England, about 11 miles in length, running from the Solent into Hampshire in a N. W. direc- tion. It receives the rivers Anton, Itch- en, and Hamble. The tidewater being intercepted each way by the Isle of Wight, it has four tides in the 24 hours. The port of Southampton is situated near its head. SOUTH AUSTRALIA, a state of the Commonwealth of Australia, situated be- tween 26° and 37° S. lat., and 129° and
