tural implements, carriages, and wagons. Besides these it has manufactories of furniture, varnish, brick, woolen goods, chinaware, toys, boilers, concrete machinery, patent medicines, pulp, paper, etc. The city is built on historic ground. In 1679 La Salle landed here during his exploration of the Mississippi. At that date the place was inhabited by the Miami Indians and later by the Pottawatomies. Pop. (1910) 53,684; (1920) 70,983.
SOUTH BETHLEHEM, now joined to Bethlehem, formerly a borough in Northampton co., Pa.; on the Philadelphia and Reading, the Lehigh Valley, and the Central of New Jersey railroads; 57 miles N. W. of Philadelphia. It contains Lehigh University, Moravian College for Women, St. Luke's Hospital, water-works, street railroad and electric lights, National and private banks, and several daily and weekly newspapers. Here are the Bethlehem Steel Works and manufactories of brass goods, machinery, coke, zinc, brick, etc. Pop. (1910) 19,973; (1920) 23,522.
SOUTHBRIDGE, a town in Worcester co., Mass.; on the Quinebaug river, and on the New York, New Haven and Hartford railroad; 20 miles S. W. of Worcester. It comprises the villages of Southbridge, Globe, and Sandersdale, and contains public and parochial schools, a public library, National bank, and several weekly newspapers. It has manufactories of boots and shoes, optical goods, cutlery, cotton and woolen goods, etc. Pop. (1910) 12,592; (1920) 14,245.
SOUTH BRITAIN, England and Wales, as distinguished from Scotland, popularly called North Britain.
SOUTH CAROLINA, a State in the South Atlantic Division of the North American Union; bounded by North Carolina, Tennessee, Georgia, and the Atlantic Ocean; one of the original 13 States; number of counties, 40; capital, Columbia; area, 30,170 square miles; population (1910) 1,515,400; (1920) 1,683,724.
Topography.—The State has a seaboard of 210 miles, and running W. from this is a low, sandy, and in places, marshy plain, from 80 to 100 miles wide. Beyond the plain is what is known as the middle country, consisting of low sand hills. A series of terraces rises W. of this and terminates in the Blue Ridge Mountains, passing through the N. W. of the State. The highest elevation in South Carolina is Table Mountain, 4,000 feet, on the Tennessee border. The principal river, the Santee, is 150 miles long, and is formed by the junction of the Wateree and Congaree. This latter river is formed by the union of the Broad and Saluda rivers. Other important rivers are Cooper and Ashley, emptying into Charleston harbor; the Edisto and Cambabee into St. Helena Sound; the Great Pedee, Little Pedee, Waccamaw, and Black, emptying into Wingah Bay; and the Oosawhatchie into Port Royal Harbor.
Geology and Mineralogy.—A geological break passing through the center of the State divides it into two distinct formations. The “up country” in the W. is of Primary origin, and the “low country” in the E. is of Tertiary, with occasional outcroppings of the Cretaceous. The mountain region in the N. W. has gneiss as its characteristic rock, with granite, hornblende, slates, limestones and clay. The chief mineral products are phosphate rock, granite, and clay products. A small amount of gold is produced, as well as some silver, iron ore and lime. The total value of the mineral output is about $1,500,000 annually.
Agriculture.—The soil is, as a rule, either loam or clay, rich in phosphate, lime, and potash. Cotton, maize, wheat, rice, and sweet potatoes are the chief staples. The magnolia and palmetto grow abundantly along the coast, pine and cypress characterize the low country, and hardwoods the highlands. The acreage, production, and value of the principal crops in 1919 was as follows: corn, 2,340,000 acres, production 37,440,000 bushels, value $73,757,000; oats, 510,000 acres, production 11,730,000 bushels, value $12,903,000; wheat, 204,000 acres, production 1,836,000 bushels, value $4,737,000; tobacco, 135,000 acres, production 81,000,000 pounds, value $18,468,000; hay, 275,000 acres, production 358,000 tons, value $11,098,000; peanuts, 13,000 acres, production 585,000 bushels, value $1,708,000; potatoes, 27,000 acres, production 2,295,000 bushels, value $4,590,000; sweet potatoes, 84,000 acres, production 7,560,000 bushels, value $11,189,000; cotton, 2,881,000 acres, production 1,475,000 bales, value $263,288,000.
Manufactures.—In 1914 there were 1,885 manufacturing establishments in the State. These gave employment to 71,914 wage-earners. The capital invested was $203,211,000, the amount paid in wages was $24,173,000, the value of the materials used $91,009,000, and the value of the finished product $138,891,000. The principal industries were cotton manufactures, lumber and timber products, fertilizers, cottonseed oil and cake, flour and grist mill products, planing mill products, rice cleaning and polishing, turpentine and rosin, railroad cars, cotton ginning, and brick and tile.
