SOUTH VICTORIA LAND 508 SOVIET SOUTH VICTORIA LAND, or VIC- TORIA LAND, the eastern portion of the Victoria quadrant of Antarctic land. It is within the 160th and 170th meridian E. from about lat. 70° to beyond lat. 83° S. It is mountainous and covered with snow and contains the volcanoes Terror and Erebus. The Magnetic South Pole is near the northern extremity. Ross visited Victoria land in 1841, and knowl- edge covering it gradually increased till it was mapped in 1899 by Borchgrevink. Nordenskjold, Scott, and Shackleton have more recently explored it. SOUTHWARK, a metropolitan and parliamentary borough of central London {q. v.). Among its principal buildings are St. Saviour's Church, Guy's Hospital, Bethlehem Hospital for Lunatics, Leather and Borough markets, and the termini of the London, Brighton and South Coast railway and the Southeastern railway. The Surrey Commercial Docks and many manufactories of various kinds are in the borough. Pop. about 300,000. SOUTHWELL, a town of Nottingham- shire, England, since 1884 a cathedral city, on the ancient Ermine street, 7 miles W. by S. of Newark. A church was founded here by Paulinus about 630; but the stately cruciform minster, which with its three towers resembles York on a smaller scale, is wholly of post-Con- quest date. In the old "Saracen's Head" Charles I. surrendered to the Scotch com- missioners (1646) ; Byron's mother occu- pied Burgage Manor House (1804-1807) ; and there are picturesque ruins of the palace of the Archbishops of York. Pop. about 4,000. SOUTHWESTERN BAPTIST THEO- LOGICAL SEMINARY, an educational institution in Louisville, Ky.; founded in 1859 under the auspices of the Baptist Church. Both men and women are ad- mitted for instruction. The seminary in 1915 purchased a new site in the suburbs of Louisville. President, E. Y. Mullins, D.D., LL.D. SOUTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY, a co-educational institution in Georgetown, Tex.; founded in 1873 under the auspices of the Methodist Episcopal Church; re- ported at the close of 1919: Professors and instructors, 27; students, 709; presi- dent, C. M. Bishop, A.M., D.D. SOUTHWORTH, EMMA DOROTHY ELIZA NEVITTjii, an American author; born in Washington, D. C, Dec. 26, 1819; was educated by her stepfather, J. L. Henshaw, at whose school she was grad- uated in 1835. She taught in a public school in Washington, D. C, in 1844- 1849, and while so occupied began to write stories. Her first one, "The Irish Refu- gee," appeared in the Baltimore "Satur- day Visitor." Subsequently she wrote for the "National Era," and in 1849 published the first of her serials, "Retribution," in that journal. Her novels, about 66 in number, include: "Gloria"; "Nearest and Dearest"; "An Exile's Bride"; "The Fatal Secret"; etc. She died in Washington, D. C, June 30, 1899. SOUVESTRE, EMILE, a French au- thor; born in Morlaix, France, April 15, 1806. He wrote: "The Last of the Bre- tons" (1835-1837) ; "The Breton Fireside" (1884) ; "A Philosopher under the Roofs" (1850) crowned by the Academy; "His- torical and Literary Conversations" (1854) ; and various plays. He died in Paris, July 5, 1854. SOVEREIGN, a gold coin, the stand- ard of the English coinage. It equals 20 shillings sterling, and has a standard weight of 123.274 grains, being of 22 carats fineness, and coined at the rate of 1,869 sovereigns from 40 pounds troy of gold; worth at normal rate of exchange in United States money, $4.8665. SOVEREIGNTY OF THE SEA. Blackstone lays it down that the main or high seas are part of the realm of Eng- land, as the courts of admiralty have jurisdiction there. But the law of nations, as now understood, recognizes no dominion in any one nation over the high seas, which are the highway of all nations and governed by the public law of the civilized world. Such a right has, however, long been claimed over the four seas surround- ing the British Isles. It was strongly asserted by Selden and denied by Grotius, and measures were taken to vindicate the right in the reign of Charles I. The Dutch claimed the supremacy of the seas in Cromwell's time, but were worsted by Blake. Every nation has undoubtedly a right to the exclusive dominion of the sea within a certain distance from the shore, now fixed at 3 miles. This right of lord- ship includes the right to free navigation, to fishing, to taking wrecks, the forbid- ding passage to enemies, the right of flag, of jurisdiction, etc. By the law of England the main sea begins at low-water mark; and between low and high water mark the common law and admiralty have a divided jurisdiction, one on land when left dry, the other on the water when it is full sea. SOVIET. The name given to the Soldiers' and Workingmen's Council, es- tablished in Russia, following the over- throw of the provisional government erected by the revolution of 1917. See Council of Workingmen and Soldiers; Russia; Lenine; Nikolai; World War.
