BlVOlil and head hot rivets in boiler work and structures better and more rapidly than hand work. RIVOLI, a town of northern Italy, 8 miles W. of Turin, with two royal cas- tles and some industry. Another town, known by the name of Rivoli Veronese, 12 miles N. W. of Verona, was where Napoleon won on Jan. 14 and 15, 1797, one of his most decisive victories over the Aus- trians. RIZAL, JOSE, a Filipino patriot; born in Calamba, Luzon, in 1861. He was the son of unmixed Tagal parents, who destined him for the Church. He re- ceived his early education in his native town under a Tagal priest. Later he was sent to Manila, where he entered a Jesuit school, the Ateneo Municipal. At this time Jose assumed the name of Ri- zal, as his brother's friendship for a revolutionist priest had brought the fam- ily name, Mercado, into great disfavor with the Spaniards. In Manila Jose soon learned of the reproach attached to his Tagal origin. He was denied the honors due him as head of his class, and met with derision and hatred from the Spanish students. In many ways his prejudices against the Spanish were roused. Though he had been destined for the Church, he studied for and took his medical degree at Manila. Then he went to Paris, Heidelberg, Leipsic, and in all these cities he continued his medi- cal studies. At the same time he devel- oped his interest in social and political problems. He learned that Europe was almost ignorant of the Philippines, so he wrote a novel, portraying his birth- land, which was published in Berlin in 1887. This book was forbidden by the Church. He wrote a sequel to it which was published at Ghent in 1891. His portrait-bust of the Filipino-Creole, Dr. T. H. Pardo, was exhibited in the Salon. In 1887 Rizal went to Hong Kong where he organized the famous Liga Filipino, or Philippine league, which was the source of the "Revolutionary Society of the Sons of the Nation." During sev- eral years of travel he constantly agi- tated Filipino revolt, and then in May, 1892, returned to Manila. He was ar- rested and_ exiled to Dapitan. In 1895 he was permitted to return to" Luzon. He was, however, arrested at Barcelona and transshipped to Manila, tried and con- demned to death. His last wishes, that he might be united by civil marriage with Miss Josephine Bracken, whom he first met in Hong Kong, and the other, that he should be shot through the breast, were granted. He was shot by a picket of native soldiers, Dec. 30, 1896, and his last words were, "Consummatum est!" 65 ROAD AND STREET MACHINERY RIZZIO, DAVID, a native of Turin, came to Scotland in 1561 in the train of the ambassador from Savoy, and soon became so great a favorite with the queen that he was appointed her secre- tary for foreign languages. The dis- tinction with which he was treated by his mistress soon excited the envy of the nobles and the jealousy of Darnley. A conspiracy, with the king at the head, was formed for his destruction, and be- fore he had enjoyed two years of court favor the Lord Ruthven and others of his party were introduced by Darnley into the queen's apartment, where they dispatched the object of their revenge, March 9, 1566. ROACH, a fish of the family Cyprin- idse, abundant in England, the S. of Scotland, and many countries of Europe. It measures from 10 to 15 inches; the body generally has a silvery appear- ance, the back is a dull green, the lower fins are red, and there are no barbels. ROAD AND STREET MACHINERY, appliances used in the preparation and preservation of roads are of various types and may be classified as under: Plows and Scrapers. — Plow.; used in this work are of the ordinary pattern and call for no detailed description. Scrapers usually consist of a steel blade, mounted between two wheels, and so contrived that its cutting depth and in- clination are capable of adjustment. A special type_ of plow is known as a grader. This machine cuts into the earth and loosens it, and then lifts it on to a moving belt which conveys it to the roadway. Stone Crushers are described in detail under "Grinding, Crushing and Pulver- izing Machinery." They are used in re- ducing large stones to a size suitable either for surfacing macadam roads, or for mixing with cement in the prepara- tion of concrete. Rollers, although now very familiar, are of comparatively^ recent origin, the first road roller being constructed in 1787 in France. Their obvious use is to compress the road-bed and upper lay- ers, in order to produce a hard, durable and smooth surface. Steam rollers are commonly seen in the United States, but motor driven and horse drawn rollers are also used. Steam rollers may weigh as much as 20 tons, but the lighter horse- drawn machines sometimes do not exceed 2 tons. Spreaders consist of a container, in which the load of stones is carried, and which can be tilted to any desired angle. In this way the quantity of stone dumped on to the road may be ad- justed. Behind the container is a drag
