SUBSTRATUM 141 SUCCESSION WARS SUBSTRATUM, in geology, a stratum lying under another. The term subsoil is generally applied to the matters which intervene between the surface soils and the rocks on which they rest; thus, clay is the common substratum or subsoil of gravel. SUBULARIA, a genus of plants, nat- ural order Cruciferce, found in the ■gravelly bottoms of lakes, usually in shallow water, in North and Central Eu- rope, North Asia, and the Northern United States. S. aquatica, or awlwort, the only species, consists merely of a tuft of white fibrous roots, narrow awl- shaped leaves, and a leafless stalk, bear- ing a few small white flowers. It is indigenous to Scotland and the N. of England and Ireland. SUBULICORNIA, or SUBULICOR- NES, in entomology, a tribe of Neuropte- ra, or, if that order be divided, of Pseu- do-neuroptera. It contains two families, EphemeHdx and Libellulidse, having a common character in the form of the an- tennae which are short, awl-shaped, and composed of few joints. The wings are membranous, generally much reticu- lated; the eyes especially in the males, of comparatively large size; and the preparatory states, as in the Perlidae, are passed in the water. The group which was founded by Latreille, is by no means a natural one, but is retained for the sake of convenience. SUBUNGULATA, in zoology, a group or section of Ungulata, distinguished from true Ungulates (Ungtilata Vera), by the structure of the carpus. The group embraces three sub-orders, Hyra- coidea, Proboscidea, and Amblypoda, all of which are in many classifications treated as orders. SUCCESSION, in music, the order in which the notes of a melody proceed. There are two sorts of succession, reg- ular, or conjoint, and disjunct. A regu- lar or conjoint succession is that in which the notes succeed each other in the order of the scale to which they belong, either ascending or descending. In a disjunct succession the melody is formed of intervals gi'eater than a sec- ond. A sequence is sometimes spoken of as a succession, and passages of sim- ilar chords or progressions are described as a succession of thirds, fourths, fifths, sixths, sevenths, or octaves, as the case may be. Acts of succession: In English history, the name given to several acts of Par- liament, by which the succession to the crown was limited or modified. The first is an act of Henry IV., declaring Prince Henry heir-apparent to the thrones of England and France, with remainders to the other children of Henry IV. Other instances occurred in the case of Henry VII., and in regard to the suc- cessors of Henry VIII., and the rights of James I., Charles I., and Charles 11. The most important is the act of settle- ment. (See Settlement, Act of). Apostolic, or Apostolical succession: (See Apostolic). Geological succession of organic be- ings: The gradual disappearance of spe- cies, genera, families, etc., throughout the world as geological time goes for- ward, or the more rapid succession of one group of organisms to another within a limited area, as the adaptation of that area to particular forms of life changes, by water giving place to land, salt water to fresh, or the reverse. Within limited areas, however, the same type often persists from the later Ter- tiary to the present day; as in South America, where the sloth and armadillo have succeeded gigantic Edentates like the megatherium and glyptodon. Law of succession: The law or rule according to which the succession to the property of deceased persons is regu- lated. In general this law obtains only in cases in which the deceased person has died intestate, or in which the power of bequeathing property by will is limited by the legislature. In the United States each State has its own law of succession. Usually succession is by stirpes or root. SUCCESSION WARS, the general name given to contests which took place in Europe during the 18th century on the extinction of certain dynasties or ruling houses. Four such wars are usu- ally enumerated — that of the Spanidi succession (1701-1713), of the Polish succession (1733-1738), of the Austrian succession (1740-1748), and of the Ba- varian succession (1777-1779). The first and third alone are of sufficient gen- eral historical interest to be noticed here. (1) War of the Spanish Succession.— ^ Charles II., king of Spain, having died without direct descendants in November, 1700, claims were raised to the vacant throne by the husbands of his two sis- ters, Louis XIV., of France, who had married the elder, and the Emperor Leo- pold I., who had married the younger. Both these monarchs v/ere also them- selves grandsons of Philip III., of Spain; but neither desired the Spanish crown for his own head. Louis put forward his grandson Philip of Anjou; while Leopold advocated the claims of his sec- ond son, the Archduke Charles. The electoral prince Joseph of Bavaria, grandson of the Emperor Leopold, was Cyc— VoL IX
