ried over in United States naval convoys, escorted by American cruisers and detroyers. Not one eastbound American transport was torpedoed or damaged by enemy submarines, and only three were sunk on the return voyage. In 10 months, the transportation service grew from 10 ships to a fleet of 321 cargo carrying vessels, with a dead-weight tonnage of 2,800,000.
A mine barrage had been laid in the North Sea for which 85,000 mines had been shipped abroad. The work of the destroyers in curbing the submarine menace was declared by the Secretary to have been without a precedent in Allied warfare and had received the most enthusiastic commendation of the Allied naval authorities. The work of the marines in the fighting at Château-Thierry, Belleau Wood, and many other battle fields has already been described in the foregoing pages.
Statistics of the main accomplishments of America in the two years between April 6, 1917, when war was declared, and April 6, 1919, are here subjoined:
| April 6, 1917: | |
| Regular Army | 127,588 |
| National Guard in Federal Service | 80,466 |
| Reserve Corps in service | 4,000 |
| Total of soldiers | 212,034 |
| Personnel of Navy | 65,777 |
| Marine Corps | 15,627 |
| Total armed forces | 293,438 |
| Nov. 11, 1918: | |
| Army | 3,764,000 |
| Navy | 497,030 |
| Marine Corps | 78,017 |
| Total armed forces | 4,339,047 |
| Soldiers transported overseas | 2,053,347 |
| American troops in action, Nov. 11, 1918 | 1,338,169 |
| Soldiers in camps in the United States, Nov. 11, 1918 | 1,700,000 |
| Casualties, Army and Marine Corps, A. E. F. | 282,311 |
| Death rate per thousand, A. E. F. | .057 |
| German prisoners taken | 44,000 |
| Americans decorated by British, French, Belgian, | |
| and Italian Armies, about | 10,000 |
| Number of men registered and classified under | |
| selective service law | 23,700,000 |
| Gas masks, extra canisters and horse masks | 8,500,000 |
| NAVY AND MERCHANT SHIPPING | |
| Warships at beginning of war | 197 |
| Warships at end of war | 2,003 |
| Small boats built | 800 |
| Submarine chasers built | 355 |
| Merchant ships armed | 2,500 |
| Naval bases in European waters and the Azores | 54 |
| Shipbuilding yards (merchant marine) | |
| increased from 61 to more than 200. | |
| Cost of 32 National Army cantonments and | |
| National Guard camps | $179,629,497 |
| Students enrolled in 500 S. A. T. C. camps | 170,000 |
| Officers commissioned from training camps | |
| (exclusive of universities, etc.) | 80,000 |
| Women engaged in Government war industries | 2,000,000 |
| BEHIND THE BATTLE LINES | |
| Railway locomotives sent to France | 967 |
| Freight cars sent to France | 13,174 |
| Locomotives of foreign origin operated by A. E. F. | 350 |
| Cars of foreign origin operated by A. E. F. | 973 |
| Miles of standard gauge track laid in France | 843 |
| Warehouses, approximate area in square feet | 23,000,000 |
| Motor vehicles shipped to France | 110,000 |
| ARMS AND AMMUNITION | |
| Persons employed in about 8,000 ordnance plants in the | |
| United States at signing of armistice | 4,000,000 |
| Shoulder rifles made during war | 2,500,000 |
| Rounds of small arms ammunition | 2,879,148,000 |
| Machine guns and automatic rifles | 181,662 |
| High explosive shells | 4,250,000 |
| Gas shells | 500,000 |
| Shrapnel | 7,250,000 |
| Shipbuilding ways increased from 235 | |
| to more than 1,000. | |
| Ships delivered to Shipping Board by end of 1918 | 592 |
| Deadweight tonnage of ships delivered | 3,423,495 |
| FINANCES OF THE WAR | |
| Total cost, approximately | $24,620,000,000 |
| Credits to 11 nations | 8,841,657,000 |
| Raised by taxation in 1918 | 3,694,000,000 |
| Raised by Liberty Loans | 14,000,000,000 |
| War Savings Stamps to November, 1918 | 834,253,000 |
| War relief gifts, estimated | 4,000,000,000 |
Political Happenings During and After the World War. Congress passed, in 1915, another immigration bill with a literacy test. This was vetoed by the President. The Supreme Court, in June, 1915, decided against the Government in the dissolution suit against the steel trust and declared that the “grandfather clauses” of the Oklahoma and Maryland constitutions were void. The United States in September, 1915, undertook the supervision of the revenues of Haiti. A conference was called in October of that year of South American diplomats to consider the Mexican question. It was decided that Carranza should be recognized, and, on October 19, President Wilson recognized Carranza as heading the de facto Government of Mexico. In February, 1916, as a result of the failure to agree with the President's policy on national defense, Lindley M. Garrison, Secretary of War, resigned, and was succeeded by Newton D. Baker of Ohio. In January, 1915, Francisco Villa, the most powerful of the Mexican revolutionary leaders, killed several American miners and on March 9, with 500 followers, invaded the town of Columbus, New Mexico, killing seven troopers and
