U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM 127 UNIVERSAL LANGUAGE was Brigadier-General Douglas Mac- Arthur. UNITED STATES NATIONAL MU- SEUM, a collection of objects of scien- tific and historical interest constituting a part of the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D. C. The collection had its origin in a collection of minerals and other similar objects kept in a few cabi- nets by Smithson, which he later turned over to the Government. The present name was first adopted in 1876. Three years later Congress appropriated $4,- 000,000 for a building to house the collec- tion, which had rapidly grown on account of the contributions in specimens made by Government surveys and explor- ing parties. The collection is especially rich in exhibits illustrating the indus- tries and customs of the American Indian tribes and the fisheries of the United States. In 1913 Congress appropriated another $3,500,000 for enlarging both housing accommodations and the collec- tions of the Museum. UNITED STATES NAVAL ACAD- EMY, a school for the education of officers of the United States Navy, at Annapolis, Md. It was founded in 1845. There were, in 1920, 1,803 midshipmen and 245 instructors. During the war period, the course of instruction was re- duced from four to three years, but in October, 1919, iiixe four-year course was resumed by the three lower classes. Many new buildings have been added to the campus in recent years. Among these is the Navigation and Seamanship building, erected in 1921. The superin- tendent in that year was Rear-Admiral A. H. Scales. UNITED STATES SHIPPING BOARD, created by one of the many emergency war measures passed by Con- gress shortly after the declaration of war against Germany, in April, 1917, to take over and operate merchant shipping and to build new ships for overseas trans- portation. By the end of the year the Board had taken over 132 shipyards, in which cargo ships exclusively were being built. For this work Congress had ap- propriated $1,135,000,000, which, how- ever, included the appropriation for the Emergency Fleet Corporation, subordi- nate to the Shipping Board. Aside from its program of vast shipbuilding the Shipping Board aiso had power to take over any American merchant ship suit- able to the war needs of the emergency. In the beginning of 1918 the Board se- cured a further appropriation of $800,- 000,000, bringing the total up to $2,100,- 000,000. UNIVERSALIS! CHURCH, a com- munion holding the doctrine that all men, and also the devil and fallen angels, will be forgiven and will enjoy eternal happi- ness. This belief is very ancient, and passages implying it may be found in the works of Origen and his followers, Greg- ory of Nyssa, Chrysostom, etc. It is also said to have constituted part of the creed of the Lollards, Albigenses, and Wal- denses. Among the English divines who have held some form of this doctrine are Tillotson, Burnet, and William Law, and more recently the late Professor F. D. Maurice. All Unitarians hold it, and some of the Universalists agree with the Unitarians in rejecting the doctrine of the Trinity. The Universalists ground their reasons for their doctrine in the love of God, who, they say, is only angry v/ith sin, not the sinner, and therefore if the sinner repents even after death his repentance will restore him to God's favor. The sovereignty of God will be finally vindicated by the ultimate har- mony of the moral universe, and the sub- mission of all things in heaven and earth to His righteous will. When righteous- ness is triumphant peace and happiness will prevail; till then pain and suffering will be instruments to work out the will of God. They profess to prove their doc- trine from Scripture, quoting in support of it Matt. XXV : 46, John xvii: 3, I Cor. XV : 22, Phil, ii: 10, Eph. i: 10, Col. 1: 19, 20, and I Tim. iv: 10. Universalism is better known as a distinct sect in the United States than in England. In 1827 a division arose among the American Universalists concerning punishment after death, some asserting it to be limited, while others denied it altogether. Some separated from the main body and called themselves "The Massachusetts Association of Restorationists." Most of them afterward joined the Free-Will Baptists or the Unitarians, while the others returned to the main body. In 1840 the whole sect divided into two, the Impartialists and the Restorationists. But Universalism is also held by many members of other sects, and practically by all Theists strictly so called. See Unitarian Church. UNIVERSAL LANGUAGE, the ideal of the ultra-internationalists, who desire a medium of vocal intercourse between the peoples of all nations and countries. In diplomatic circles French has largely held this position for the past hundred years, while in European commercial cir cles German has been the most common means of intercourse, while English holda first place in the Far East. Certain
