UKBAN 135 URBAN TRANSPORTATION about one three-thousandth part of the light and heat froni the sun which fall on the earth. It is attended by at least four satellites — Ariel, Umbriel, Titania, and Oberon. Their orbits all lie in the same plane, and ai'e at right angles to the path of the planet itself — a cir- cumstance not known in the case of any other planet. Called also Georgium Sidus and Herschel. See Solak System. URBAN, the name of eight popes: Urban I., succeeded Calixtus I., in 222, and suffered martyrdom in 230. Urban II. (Odo of Lagny) ; born in Chatillon-sur-Marne, France, about 1042, succeeded Victor III. in 1088. He caused Guibert, who had been supported as anti- pope under the title of Clement III., t-o be driven out of Rome ; preached the first crusade in 1095, and convoked the coun- cils of Bari, Clermont, and Rome. He died in Rome, July 29, 1099. Urban III. (Herbert Crivelli), arch- bishop of Milan, was successor of Lucius III., and was elected to the papal chair in 1185, He endeavored to send assistance to the Christians in the East, who were being sorely pressed by Saladin, but died before he could effect his object. He died in France, Oct. 20, 1187. Urban IV., became Pope in succession to Alexander IV. in 1261. He excom- municated Manfred, King of Naples, and offered the crown to Charles, Count of Provence and Anjou, and brother to POPE urban v. Louis IX. of France, which led to the subsequent wars of the Anjous for the possession of Sicily and Naples. He died in Orvieto, Italy, Oct. 2, 1265. Urban V. succeeded Innocent VI. in 1362. He restored the papal seat from Avignon to Rome, founded many churches, and reformed numerous abuses. He died in Avignon, France, Dec. 16, 1370. Urban VI. (Bartholomew Prignano), succeeded Gregory XI. in 1378. The cardinals afterward chose Robert of Gen- eva, who took the name of Clement VII., and took up his residence in Avignon. Thus was originated the famous "West- ern Schism," Avhich endured for nearly 50 years. He died in Rome, Oct. 15, 1389. Urban VII. succeeded Sixtus V. in 1590, but died in less than a fortnight afterward, Sept. 28, 1590. Urban VIII. (Maffeo Barberini) ; born in 1568, ascended the pontifical throne in 1623. He condemned the Jansenists, re- vised the hymns of the Roman Catholic Church, and was the author of some Latin and Italian poems. He died in Rome, July 29, 1644. URBANA, a city of Illinois, and the county-seat of Champaifrn co., on the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago and St. Louis, the Wabash, and the Illinois Traction railroads. The city is the center of a prosperous farming district, contains extensive railroad repair shops, and man- ufactories of brick and tile, lawn mowers, etc. Urbana is the seat of the University of Illinois. There are a public library, a county court house, a high school, a post office, a Masonic temple, etc. Pop. (1910) 8,245; (1920) 10,244. URBANA, a city and county-seat of Champaign co., O.; on the Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, Chicago and St. Louis, the Erie, and the Cleveland, Cincinnati and Chicago railroads; 40 miles W. by N. of Columbus. Here are Urbana University (Swedenborgian), a public library, con- vent, high school. Children's Home, elec- tric lights, waterworks. National banks, and a number of daily and weekly news- papers. The city has an egg-case factory, broom factories, tannery, woolen mills, railroad car shops, straw-board works, etc. Pop. (1910) 7,739; (1920) 7,621. URBAN TRANSPORTATION, trans- portation from one part of a city to an- other. In the early days such trans- portation was provided by horse-drawn vehicles, and one of the first innovations was the use of the rail. The introduc- tion of steam and of other methods of transportation without the use of horses went on during the 19th century and now the chief forms of urban trans- portation are surface roads operated by electricity, cable-operated surface roads, and electrically operated elevated roads and subways. The development in the main has been through the horse-drawn
