UTICA 145 UTILITARIANISM the bladder. The virgin uterus is about three inches long, two broad, and one inch thick at its upper extremity. The middle part is called the body, the up- per the fundus, and the lower, opening into the vagina, the neck. Its chief func- tion is to receive the ovum from the Fal- lopian tubes, and to retain and support it during the development of the foetus, which it expels by muscular contraction at parturition. During uterogestation the uterus becomes greatly enlarged and undergoes important structural changes; the uterus is liable to many affections and diseases, as tumors, ulceration, catarrh, tenesmus, hemorrhage, etc. UTICA, a city of New York, the coun- ty-seat of Oneida co. It is on the Mohawk river, the State Barge canal, and on the New York Central, the New York, On- tario and Western, the Delaware, Lacka- wanna and Western, the Adirondack and St. Lawrence, and the West Shore rail- roads. The city is attractively situated at an elevation of about 430 feet. The streets are well laid out and maintained. The city has an area of 1,055 square miles. The notable buildings include a city hall. United States Government building. State armory, Munson Wil- liams Memorial, Y. M. C. A. building, Y. W. C. A. building, Utica Free Acad- emy, and the State Masonic Home. There is a national public library with nearly 100,000 volumes. There are also several other libraries in the city. Utica has an unusual number of charitable institu- tions. These include the Home for Aged Men and Couples, Utica Orphan Asylum, St. Vincent's Industrial School, St. John's Orphan Asylum, House of the Good Shepherd, and four hospitals. The State Insane Asylum is also located here. The city is an important industrial center. It is surrounded by a rich agri- cultural and dairy farming country, and the growing of hops is an important in- dustry in the suri'ounding district. In 1914, Utica ranked eighth in industrial importance among the cities of the State. There were over 300 establishments, with a product valued at nearly $35,- 000,000. The industries include the manufacture of men's clothing, knit goods, woolen goods, heating apparatus, farm implements, paints, fire extin- guishers, automobile parts, saddlery and harness, cutlery, etc. The assessed real estate value in 1919 was $87,795,495. The net funded debt was $2,876,722. Hist<yry. — During the Revolutionary period it was a frontier trading post, and the site of Fort Schuyler. It is a part of the original tract of 22,000 acres which the king granted to William Crosby, the colonial governor in 1734. Utica was settled by colonists from Eng- land and New England. It was incor- porated a village in 1798, and chartered a city in 1832. Pop. (1910) 74,419; (1920) 94,156. UTICA, an ancient city of north Africa; 20 miles N. W. of Carthage; originally founded as a Phoenician colony in 1101 B. c. Its ruins include an am- phitheater, an aqueduct, and the remains of quays; for a bay then carried the sea (now nearly 10 miles distant) to the site. During the third Punic war Utica submitted to Rome, and became the capi- tal of the province of Africa. Afterward it was the see of a bishop, till its destruc- tion by the Arabs. UTILITARIANISM, that theory of life which represents happiness as the only ultimate end to be devised and sought after — not necessarily the happi- ness of the individual, but that of the human race as a totality, and "even as far as possible of the sentient crea- tion" — in Bentham's phrase "the great- est number." With Jeremy Bentham, the inventor of the term the "greatest happiness of the greatest number," as the end of all true moral action, Utilitarianism takes its more modern shape. "Nature," he said, "has placed mankind under the govern- ment of two sovereign masters, Pain and Pleasure. It is for them alone to point out what we ought to do." In J. S. Mill Util- itarianism assumes its present, which may be safely said to be its highest, form. There, the happiness of the race is announced as an end to be pursued by the individual, even though he should he obliged to renounce his own in its attain- ment. A place is found for the mar- tyr's effort, but that effort must be in accordance with the great principle of Utilitarianism, or it is worse than use- less. Moreover, happiness is here no low or degrading conception, for there is quality as well as quantity in pleasures, and a lower pleasure must yield to a higher — the senses to the intellect, the body to the mind. Those who have had experienced of both may be taken as judges of the question. They have uni- formly given the palm to the higher pleasures, and from their decision "I ap- prehend there can be no appeal." By careful moral education the conscience of the individual is to be so developed that its force in the direction of right action will be all-powerful. That Utilitarianism is a theory of great plausibility, and that it can urge a great deal in support of its position, is evident from the preceding historical sketch. It is, so to speak, a self-contained theory; it does not require to go beyond the ob-
