VETERINARY MEDICINE 206 VETO plagues were not infrequently the fore- runners of great epidemics, and though they may have had no connection as cause and effect, they may have had some co-relation, as affecting the food supplies of human beings and ushering in periods of famine, which would give intensity to epidemic diseases. During the 16th century veterinary medicine became again a subject of study, and the Constantine collection of works were translated from the original Greek into Latin by the order of Fran- cois I., and from the Latin they were soon afterward translated into Italian, French and German. During the 17th century, the more important works which appeared were Fiarchi's Italian treatise on "Horsemanship," and the "Infermita e Suoi Remedii, del Signor Carlo Ruini," published in Venice, in 1618. In 1654 the "Grand Mareschal Francois" was published; and, toward the close of the century, tlie elab- orate v>?ork of Sollysel. In Great Britain, Blundeville and Gervase Mark- ham published works on farriery; and Snape, farrier to Charles II., published an anatomical treatise on the horse, his plates being copied from those of Ruini. The 18th century produced numerous authors on veterinary medicine, more es- pecfally in France, an impetus having been given to the study by the establish- ment in 1761, under royal patronage, of the Veterinary Seminary at Lyon under Professor Bourgelat. In 1766 another school was opened at Alfort, near Charenton; and others were subse- quently opened at Strassburg and Mont- pelier, and in almost every European city of note, as Vienna, Dresden, Leipsic, Berlin, Copenhagen, Prague, Munich, Hanover, Naples, London, etc. In 1754 La Fosse, a contemporary of Bourgelat, published his numerous memoirs in one volume, which was soon afterward trans- lated into most of the European lan- guages. The most celebrated French writers of the beginning of the 19th century were Chabert, Flandrin, Gilbert, Vicq-d'-Azyr, and Huzard. In the reign of George I., Sollysel's work was translated from the B'rench into English by Sir William Hope; and about the middle of the 18th century, Gibson who was formerly sur- geon to a regiment of cavalrr published his treatise on farriery, the jest which had then appeared in the English lan- guage. The other writers of this period are Bracken, Bartlet, and Osmer, who had been educated as medical practi- tioners. In 1791 the Veterinary College of Lon- don was instituted under the presidency of the Duke of Northumberland. In Queen Victoria's reign a charter was granted to the veterinary body at large, forming a Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons, empowered to examine candidates and grant diplomas. In 1819 the first course of lectures on the subject in Scotland was delivered by Mr. Dick, and a system- atic course under the auspices of the Highland and Agricultural Society and the Senatus Academicus of Edinburgh in 1823. At his death, in 1866, Mr. Dick bequeathed to the city of Edinburgh his entire fortune, to be devoted to the teach- ing and improvement of veterinary medi- cine. In 1857 Mr. John Gamgee estab- lished a new veterinary college in Edin- burgh; and since 1861 a veterinary school has been conducted in Glasgow by James McCall. In the United States there are some 22 schools of veterinary medicine, with about 400 instructors and over 3,000 students. Most of these are connected with well-known colleges and universities. VETO, the power which one branch of the Legislature of a State has to nega- tive the resolutions of another branch; or the right of the executive branch of government, such as king, president, or governor, to reject the bills, measures, or resolutions proposed by the Legisla- ture. In Great Britain the power of the crown is confined to a veto, a right of rejecting and not resolving, and even this right is rarely exercised, the last occasion being in 1707. In the United States the President may veto all measures passed by Con- gress, but after that right has been ex- ercised the rejected bill may become law by being passed by two-thirds of each of the Houses of Congress. If the Pres- ident fails to return the bill in 10 days, Sundays excepted, it becomes a law as if he had signed it. If, however. Congress adjourns within 10 days after the pas- sage of a bill and the President has re- frained from acting on the bill, it does not become a law; the disposal of a bill in this way, when the President does not choose to veto it formally, is termed a "pocket veto." The earlier Presidents seldom exercised the veto power. Up to Jackson's administration it had been used but nine times — twice by Washing- ton, six times by Madison and once by Monroe. Jackson vetoed nine bills. Up to Johnson's administration no bill had been passed over a veto; but then a large majority in each House was op- posed to the President's policy, and the bills which he vetoed were usually re- passed by the necessary two-thirds vote and became laws in spite of him. Pres- ident Hayes sent to Congress a large
