TROTSKY 13 TROUT Scotland; in Perthshire, about 8 miles W. of Callander; extends for about a mile between Lochs Ackray and Katrine. The pass, which winds between Ben A'an on the N. and Ben Venue on the S., is confined by lofty rugged precipices, feathered to their summits with birch, pine and other trees. TROTSKY, LEON, one of the leaders of the Russian Bolsheviki. His real name was Leber Bronstein, and at the time of his accession to power in Russia, he was about 40 years old. From his early manhood he took part in Russian revolutionary movements and was fre- quently in prison as a revolutionist. From 1905 to 1912 he was in Siberia for participation in revolutionary plots. Fol- lowing his release he went to Berlin where he established a paper. He was compelled to leave after the outbreak of the World War, and for a time lived in Switzerland. He then went to Paris, where he established a paper advocating peace. This was suppressed by the in- fluence of the Russian Government, and Trotsky moved to Spain, where he was again arrested. Following his release, he removed to New York City, where he engaged in writing for Russian revolu- tionary papers. Following the over- throw off the Imperial regime in Russia, he returned to that country and at once took an active part in the establishment of the Soviet Government. From its be- ginning, he, with Nikolai Lenine, was the strongest figure and he continued with the official title of Commander of War to direct the more aggressive activities of the government. See Bolshevism; Russia; Council of Workingmen and Soldiers. TROTTING HORSE, a horse trained to trot at high speed without breaking into a gallop. Trotting horses are of two distinct races: (1) The Russian, Tvhich is Arabian on a Flemish stock, at- taining high speed, but with bad knee action; (2) the American, which is prob- ably both Barb and Arabian on an Eng- lish stock. Some of the fastest English trotting horses can cover a mile in three minutes, while American trotters have done the same distance in a few sec- onds over two minutes. The American trotting horse has been constantly in- creasing in speed, and what a few years ago was considered a wonder- ful performance is now looked on as commonplace. The history of the rise of the trotting horse — especially from the time of "Rarus" down to the days of "Nancy Hanks" — presents a constantly lower record of the time required to trot a mile. The names of individual Ameri- can trotters are known all over the world, Cyc and the prices paid for some of them seem almost fabulous. The record for several years after the advent of "Maud S," remained stationary, but since has been eclipsed several times. "Nancy Hanks" trotted a mile against time in two minutes and four seconds, harnessed to a pneumatic sulky weighing 62% pounds, and accompanied by a running horse, on the regulation track, Terre Haute, Ind., Sept. 28, 1892. "Alix," in harness, trotted a mile against time in two minutes and three and three-fourths seconds, at Galesburg, HI., Sept. 19, 1894. "Star Pointer," in harness, paced a mile against time in one minute and 59 V4 sec- onds, at Readville, Mass., Aug. 28, 1897. "Macy" made 1 mile, 20 yards, in one minute, 40 seconds, at Washington Park, Chicago, July 2, 1898. "Firearm" made % of a mile in one minute and 8% sec- onds at Morris Park, N. Y., Oct. 3, 1899. "Ethelbert" in 1900 made one record of 2% miles in 3 minutes, 49 seconds, and another record of 1% miles in 2 minutes, 58% seconds; "Latson" made the same record as the last quoted, in 1901. "Blue Girl" made a record of 1 and 1-16 miles in one minute, 44% seconds May 23, 1901. "Uhlan" trotted one mile in one minute and 58 seconds in 1912. TROUBADOUR, one of a class of poets which appeared first in Provence, in the S. of France, at the end of the 11th cen- tury. They were the inventors of a spe- cies of lyrical poetry almost entirely de- voted to romantic and amatory subjects, and generally very complicated in its meter and rhymes. They flourished till the end of the 13th century. There is reason for supposing that the art of the trou- badours, generally called the gay science, was derived from the East, coming into Europe through the Spaniards, and the troubadours of Provence learning from their neighbors of Spain. Troubadours frequently attached themselves to the courts of kings and nobles, whom they praised or censured in their songs; but it was a rule that some lady was selected, and to her, under some general or fancy title, love songs, complaints, and other poems were addressed. The "love serv- ice" of the troubadours was often noth- ing more than mere artificial gallantry, but there are instances on record where it became something more earnest. The poems of the troubadours were not al- ways confined to subjects of gallantry; sometimes they treated of the conditions of society, the evils of the times, the degeneracy of the clergy, and other sub- jects. See Provencal. TROUT, a term applied generally to various species of fishes belonging to the 2 Vol. X
