TROirVERE 15 TROWBRIDGE land. It may attain a weight of 30 pounds or more, and has a prominent muzzle, and a square, truncated tail fin. The color is a dark brown, tinted with purple. This fish is a greedy feeder, de- vouring large numbers of smaller fishes, and is taken by night lines, or by trolling with strong tackle and a small trout for bait. The flesh is coarser than that of the preceding species. Like the Loch Leven trout the Gillaroo trout is limited in its distribution to Lough Neagh and other lakes in the N. of Ireland; and the lake trout (S. Lemayius) is confined to the Lake of Geneva. Trout are plentifully found in Ameri- can waters. The common brook trout (Sahno fcmtinalis) is almost identical, if not wholly so, with the common trout of the Old World. A second well-known American species is the Salmo confinis, or North American lake trout, which ap- pears to find a congenial habitat in deep lakes. Its color is dark, mottled with gray spots, and it may attain a weight of over 50 pounds. The red-bellied trout (S. erythogaster) occurs in fresh waters in Pennsylvania and New York, and averages from l^/^ to 2 feet in length. The Oregon trout (S. Oregone-nsis) is one of the best-known and localized American species of trout, inhabiting the rivers and streams which run from the Rocky Mountains, and resembling the common trout of Europe both in size and appearance. See Salmon. TROUVERE, a name given to a member of the class of ancient poets of northern France, corresponding to the troubadour of Provence. Their produc- tions partake of a narrative or epic character, and thus contrast broadly with the lyrical, amatory, and more pol- ished effusions of their southern rivals. See Troubadour. TROVER, in law, a species of action on the case which is employed to try a disputed question of property in goods and chattels. The declaration in trover contained, previous to 1852, a formal al- legation that the plaintiff lost, and the defendant found, the goods in question; but this legal fiction is now abolished, and the action is brought on a simple allegation that the defendant converted to his own use, or wrongfully deprived the plaintiff of the use and possession of the plaintiff's goods. In this action the plaintiff recovers damages equal to the value of the thing converted, but not the thing itself, which requires another form of action; detinue or replevin. TROWBRIDGE, JOHN, an American scientist; bom in Boston, Mass., in 1843; was graduated at the Lawrence Scientific School, Harvard University, in 1865; served as instructor there in 1866-1869. He was assistant Professor of Physics at the Massachusetts Institute of Tech- nology in 1869-1870. He afterward founded a laboratory course in physics at Harvard University and was Professor of Experimental Physics in 1880-1888. In the latter year he accepted the chair of applied science in the same institution. In 1878 he was elected a member of the National Academy of Sciences and in 1883 was a delegate to the International Congress of Electricians. He was the author of "The New Physics"; "What is Electricity?" "Three Boys on an Elec- trical Boat"; "The Electrical Boy"; "Philip's Experiments, or Physical Sci- ence at Home"; and of many papers on physics and more especially on electricity. TROWBRIDGE. JOHN TOWNSEND, an American author; born in Ogden, N. Y., Sept. 18, 1827. He began his lit- erary career in 1846 by writing for the magazines, and in 1850 became editor of "The Yankee Nation," and co-editor with Lucy Larcom and Gail Hamilton, of "Our Young Folks." Among his most popular works are: "Neighbor Jackwood" (1857); "Cudjo's Cave" (1863); "Cou- pon Bonds, etc." (1872) ; "His Own Mas- ter" (1877) ; "The Tinkham Brothers* Tide-Mill" (1882) ; the "Jack Hazard Stories, etc."; "The Kelp Gatherers" (1890) ; "The Scarlet Tanager" (1891) ; "Woodie Thorpe's Pilgrimage" (1893) ; "The Lottery Ticket" (1895) ; "The Prize Cup" (1896) ; "Two Biddicut Boys, etc." (1898) ; also several volumes of poems, among them "The Vagabonds and Other Poems" (1869) ; "The Book of Gold" (1877); "The Lost Earl" (1888). He died in 1916. TROWBRIDGE, WILLIAM PETIT, an American engineer; bom near Bir- mingham, Mich., May 25, 1828; was graduated at the United States Military Academy in 1848; served on the United States Coast Survey in 1851-1853; con- ducted tidal and magnetic observations on the Pacific coast in 1853-1856 ; taught in the University of Michigan in 1856; superintended the erection of a self-reg- istering magnetic observatory in Key West in 1860; and was employed in the preparation of minute descriptions of the harbors, inlets, and rivers of the S. coast and in the supervision of the dis- tribution of supplies to the Union army in 1861-1865. He was chief engineer in the construction of the fortifications at Willett's Point, on Governor's Island, and at other points, and was also for several years Professor of Engineering at Yale and Columbia Universities. He
