WALDERSEE 271 WALES smoked to death in theii* caves. Louis XII. stopped the proceedings, with con- sent of Pope Alexander VI., whose son Caesar Borgia had just received the duchy of Valentinois. Their remnants con- tinued to cherish their own faith, more or less under disguise of Catholicism, till they finally merged with the Calvinists after the Reformation. The Cathari never made much way in Germany, but on the other hand the Wal- denses became strong. Some were burned at Strassburg in 1212, and especially in the diocese of Passau in the second half of the same century there was much prosecution. Yet by the close of the century they had become very numerous, often succeeding in escaping notice by their quietness and outward conformity. In 1392 the Archbishop of Mainz per- secuted them vigorously, burning 36 at Bingen together. At Steyer in Pomera- nia, in 1397, over 100 of either sex were burned. Yet they were not extirpated, and remained strong, especially on the confines between Austria and Moravia. In 1467 they united themselves with the famous Bohemian Brethren. The Wal- densians on the French side of the Cottian Alps in 1530 opened negotiations with the Swiss and German reformers, and in 1532 a five days' synod at Chanforans in the valley of Angrogne drew up ar- ticles of agreement. The 18th century was not a favorable age for persecution, yet even at its close the Waldenses could hold no office nor real estate, nor have physicians of their own faith. Napoleon allowed their Church a constitution, but this Victor Emmanuel abolished in 1814, though two years later, urged by England and Prus- sia, he issued a milder edict. Meantime they prospered — Col. John C. Beckwith (1789-1862), who had lost a leg at Wa- terloo, through reading Dr. Gilly's "Visit to the Valleys of Piedmont" (1832), set- tld among the people for the last 35 years of his life, marrymg a peasant girl, and succeeded in establishing as many as 120 schools. At last in 1843 Charles Albert gave the Waldenses equal political and religious rights, and since that time their progress has been constant if not rapid. WAIiDERSEE, ALFRED HEIN- RICH CARL LUDWIQ, COUNT VON, a German military officer; born in Pots- dam, Germany, April 8, 1832; entered the army in 1850; served with distinc- tion in the campaign of 1860 and in the Franco-Prussian War; became Major- General in 1876, general in 1880, quar- termaster-general in 1881, Lieutenant- General in 1882, general of cavalry in 1888; and succeeded Von Moltke as chief of the general staff of the German army in August, 1888. In 1895 he was pro- moted Field-Marshal, and in 1900 was chosen commander of the allied armies in China. His wife, Mary, born in New York City, Oct. 3, 1837, was a daughter of David Lee; spent her early years in Paris with her sister Josephine, and there married Prince Frederic of Schles- wig-Holstein-Sonderburg- - Augustenburg- Noer, in 1864. On the death of her hus- band in July, 1865, she returned to Paris, where she remained till 1870, when she removed to Wiirttemberg, Germany. In 1871 she married Count von Waldersee. She was credited with much influence in the German court, and with having brought about the marriage of Emperor William II. with the Princess Augusta Victoria. He died in H.nnover, March 5, 1904. WALDSTEIN, SIR CHARLES, a British archasologist ; bom in New York City, March 30, 1856; was educated at Columbia University and graduated at the University of Heidelberg in 1875; was made Professor of Fine Arts at King's College, Cambridge, England, in 1893; served as director of the Ameri- can School of Classical Studies in Athens in 1889-1895; and was professor there in 1895-1897. He had charge of the excava- tions of the American Archteological In- stitute at Eretria, Plataea, Heraion of Argos, eisc. He was the author of "Ex- cavations at the Heraion of Argos"; "Balance of Emotion and Intellect"; "Essays on the Art of Phidias"; "The Work of John Ruskin"; "The Study of Art in Universities"; "The Expansion of Western Ideals and the World's Peace"; "Greek Sculpture and Modern Art" (1914). WALES, a principality in the S. W. of the island of Great Britain, which since Edward I. gives the title of Prince of Wales to the heir-apparent of the British crown; area, 7,466 square miles; pop. about 2,100,000. It is divided into 12 counties. As a whole it is very moun- tainous, particularly in the N., where Snowdon, the culminating point of south Britain, rises to the height of 3,571 feet; and it is intersected by beautiful val- leys,_ traversed by numerous streams, in- cluding among others the large river Severn. It is rich in minerals, par- ticularly coal, iron, copper, and even gold, and to these Wales owes its chief wealth. The coal trade is most extensive, and Cardiff is the largest coal port in the world. In 1915 almost 40,000,000 tons of coal were produced in Wales. Iron, i steel, and copper works are also on a large scale. Besides the mineral indus- tries, there are considerable woolen man- ufactures, especially of flannel, coarse
