WARWICK 298 WASH ven and Hartford railroad. Its indus- tries include foundries, machine shops, thread mills, a bleachery, etc. The town, however, is chiefly residential. In 1912 it was divided, about 8 square miles being set apart and called West War- wick. Pop. (1910) 26,629; (1920) 13,- 481. WARWICK, RICHARD NEVILLE, EARL OF, "the king-maker," born about 1428; the eldest son of the Earl of Salisbury, and by his marriage with the heiress of the Beauchamps himself became Earl of Warwick (1449). In t?he Yorkist victory of St. Albans (1455), the opening action of the Wars of the Roses, he fought on the winning side, and three years later sharing in the re- conciliation between the hostile parties, was appointed lord-deputy of Calais and admiral of the fleet. As such he gained a splendid success over the Spaniards, but a quarrel between his followers and the king's led to charges of his disloyalty, which he justified by taking the field at Ludlow with his cousin the Duke of York (1459). On the failure of that attempt he again with the Earls of Salisbury and March withdrew to Calais, a town devoted to his cause, and thence in the following summer recrossed to Kent, and, mastering London and capturing Henry VI. at Northampton, brought about the compromise by which Henry was to reign for life but acknowledging York for his successor. Margaret of Anjou would not thus tamely surrender the rights of her son, and first routing and slaying York and Salisbury at Wakefield advanced to St. Albans, where a second battle ended in Warwick's defeat. Warwick, however, joined the young Earl of March (now Duke of York), and striking with him boldly on London, placed him on the throne as Edward IV., then chasing the Lancastrians back to Yorkshire, almost annihilated them on the bloody field of Towton, March 29, 1461. Possessed of immense domains and princely wealth, with one brother rewarded for his crown- Lng victory at Hexham by the earldom of Northumberland, another made Pri- mate and Lord Chancellor, Warwick in- deed seemed able now, in Shakespeare's words, "to do and undo, as him pleased best." Edward's marriage, however, to Elizabeth Woodville pleased him not, especially as he was then negotiating for the king's alliance to Bona of Savoy; neither did the marriage of Edward's sister to Charles of Burgundy, the earl's great foe. In retaliation Warwick be- stowed his daughter on the Duke of Clarence, and after seizing on Edward's person, executing the queen's father and brother, and seeming to accept a pardon, involved himself in the insurrection of Sir Robert Welles (1470), for making Clarence king. Its failure drove him once more to France, where, through the mediation of Louis XL, Warwick engaged to restore the crown to Henry VI., and Margaret to wed her son to Warwick's daughter Anne. His landing in Devonshire came like a thunderclap to Edward IV., who from the north, where he was busy quelling a revolt, escaped to Burgundy, leaving Warwick master of the kingdom. The triumph was brief, for when Ed- ward returned in six months' time, War- wick found himself treated as he had treated others, and after fruitless over- tures for a fresh desertion, he with his brother was routed and slain at Barnet, April 14, 1471. WAR ZONES, those areas of the high seas which were officially designated as dangerous by the belligerent countries during the World War. Immediately after the outbreak of hostilities it be- came obvious that the Germans had strewn the waters of the North Sea with mines. In retaliation, and to prevent the escape of raiders from German ports, the British Admiralty announced in October, 1914, that it would have to follow "a mine-laying policy in certain areas." A few months later these "areas" were made to include the whole of the North Sea, with the exception of certain lanes of safety, along which British war vessels guided friendly neu- trals. In February, 1915, Germany pro- claimed all the waters about the British Isles a war zone, with no safety lanes, announcing that all vessels entered this area at the risk of being sunk without warning. In January, 1917, Germany extended this zone down to include the French coasts in the Mediterranean, al- together including an area of over a mil- lion square miles. WASH, a wide estuary on the E. coast of England ; between the counties of Lin- coln and Norfolk; 22 miles in length and 15 in average breadth. It is surrounded by low and marshy shores, and receives the Witham, Welland, Ouse, Nen, and Nar rivers. The estuary for the most part is occupied by sandbanks, dry at low water, and between these sandbanks are the channels through which those rivers flow into the North Sea. On both sides of the channel by which the Ouse falls into the sea considerable tracts of land have been reclaimed. Anchorage is afforded to vessels by two wide spaces or pools of water, called respectively Lynn Deeps, opposite the Norfolk, and Boston Deeps, off the Lincoln coast.
