WATER-COLOR PAINTING 818 WATERFALL predominated till 1790; and it may be said that the water colors of the 18th century were tinted monochromes. It was in the 19th century that Girtin and Turner showed what scope and power there were in the art. Artists who used the stained and tinted manner were Malton (1726-1801), Paul Sandby, R. A. (1725-1809), often called, though without justification, "the father of the water-color art;" also, all in the last half century, Grimm, Webber, Clevely, Paris, and Rooker. Wheatley, Westall, and Gilpin used water color as well as oil. Rowlandson, Cristall, Hills, Wright, Mortimer, Gresse, Hearne, J. R. Cozens, and Dayes greatly promoted the growing art. Nicholas Pocock (1749- 1831) displayed a new richness and force. John Smith (Warwick Smith) first got beyond the weakness of mere tinting. Thomas Girtin (1775-1802) at- tained great richness of tone and breadth; his compositions were grand but simple; he massed light and shade in broad and sometimes abrupt forms. J. M. W. Turner (1775-1851) soon dis- tanced all his predecessors and contem- poraries, and in his hands water-color painting became a new art. He wholly abandoned preliminary tinting; minute details are imitated in local color; his work is marked by breadth, fullness, warmth as well as grace. Other more or less important names are those of Dela- motte, Varley, J. J. Chalon, A. E. Chalon, Samuel Prout, Peter de Wint, Liverseege, Cotman, David Cox, Essex, Richardson, Newton, Bonington, Copley, Fielding, Robson, W. Hunt, Ross, Har- ding, Cattermole, Holland, Penley, Lewis, Houghton, and Pinwell; more recent are Birket Foster, Sir John Gilbert, etc. Among well-known American water- color painters are: Winslow Homer, J. Francis Murphy, Childe Hassam, Robert Blum, Gifford Beale, Arthur Davies, John Sloan, Alexander Wyant, Thure de Thulstrup, etc. There are water-color clubs in New York, Philadelphia and other American cities. The Society of Painters in Water- Color was instituted in 1804; it held its first exhibition in 1805; and its annual exhibitions are now as crowded as those of the Royal Academy. Formal recogni- tion of its dignity was accorded in 1882, when the society obtained a charter, and became the Royal Society of Painters in Water-Color. There are other similar associations, as the Institute of Painters in Water-Color. An admirable collection illustrative of the history of the art may be studied in the South Kensington Museum. WATER COLORS, pigments prepared for the use of artists and others hy mixing coloring substances in the state of fine powder with a soluble gum such as gum arable. These are made up in the form of small cakes, which are rubbed down with water and applied with a brush to paper, ivory, and some other materials. Moist water colors are made up with honey or glycerine aa well as gum, and are prepared so as to be kept in small earthenware pans or metallic tubes. Dry cakes require to be rubbed down with water on a glazed earthenware palette or slab, but moist colors can be mixed with water for use by the friction of a brush, so that the japanned lid of the box which contains them serves for a palette. The latter are accordingly very convenient for sketch- ing from nature. WATER CRESS. See Nasturtium. WATER CURE See Hydrotherapy. WATER DOG, a variety of the dog having a curly coat, long ears, a rounded head, and webbed toes. It seems to be allied to the poodle, but differs from the latter in its firmer set and stouter body, and in its larger size. The water dog is highly intelligent, but less so than the retriever. It is usually of a grayish white varied with black and brown, WATERFALL, or CATARACT, the leap of a stream over a ledge or preci- pice occurring in its course. Many waterfalls are remarkable for their sub- limity, the grandest being the Falls of Niagara, on the Niagara river, between Lakes Erie and Ontario, the river hav- ing here a fall of about 160 feet. Among other notable falls are those of the Mont- morency river, a tributary of the St. Law- rence, which are 242 feet in height ; that of the Potaro river, in British Guiana, about 822 feet high and 369 feet broad; that of the Yosemite river, California, which makes a perpendicular leap of 2,100 feet; the Victoria Falls, on the Zambesi river, in south Africa, about 370 feet high and 1,860 yards broad. The cataract of the Riukanfoss, on the river Maan, in Norway, is about 900 feet high. The cascade of Gavarnie, in the Pyrenees, is reputed the loftiest in Europe, being about 13,000 feet, but its volume is so small that it is converted into spray before reaching the bottom. The fall of the Staubbach at Lauter- brunnen, in Switzerland, is between 800 and 900 feet, but has also a very small volume of water; the falls of the Rhine at Schaffhausen, renowned over Europe, are 300 feet broad and nearly 100 feet in height. In Italy the falls of Terni,
