WOMAN SUFFRAGE 404 WOMAN SUFFBAGE che early part of last century, how- ever, women appeared in all countries who claimed the right of their sex to participate in the government of demo- cratic countries. In this country it is notable that New Jersey, on becoming a member of the Federal family of States after the Revolution, placed only one restriction on the general suffrage, which was the possession of less than $250 in cash or property, the election laws referring to the voters as "he or she." In 1790 the law was revised to specifically include women, but so ob- noxious did they become to the profes- sional politicians that in 1807 the law was again revised to exclude them, ob- viously an unconstitutional act, since the State constitution specifically made any such change dependent on the general suffrage. During the early part of the century, however, agitation for equal suffrage was carried on by only a few individuals. The first of these was Frances Wright, a Scotch woman, who came to this coun- try in 1826 and advocated woman suf- frage in an extensive series of lectures. In 1836 Ernestine L. Rose, a Polish woman, came to this country and carried on a similar campaign, so effectively that she obtained a personal hearing before the New York Legislature, though her petition bore only five sig- natures. She was shortly afterward joined in her propaganda by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Paulina Wright Davis. At about the same time, in 1840, Lydia Mott and Mary Fuller became ac- tive in Boston, the latter being the author of the book "The Great Lawsuit; Man vs. Woman." During the Civil War and immediately after little was heard of the movement, but in 1869 the National Woman Suf- frage Association was formed, with the object of securing an amendment to the Federal Constitution in favor of woman suffrage. Another organization, the American Woman Suffrage Asso- ciation was also formed at this time by those who believed that suffrage should be brought about by constitutional amendments within the various States. In 1890 these two bodies united into one national organization, known as the National American Woman Suffrage As- sociation. In 1900 regular national headquarters were established in New York City, under the direction of the president, Mrs. Carrie Chapman Catt. Three years later headquarters were removed to Warren, O., but were brought back to New York shortly afterward and opened there on a much bigger scale. The organization obtained a hearing be- fore every Congress, from 1869 to 1919. Meanwhile local experiments in woman suffrage had already been made. The first Territorial legislature of Wy- oming granted woman suffrage in 1869, Utah doing likewise in the following year. In 1890 Wyoming came into the Union as the first woman suffrage State. In 1893 voters of Colorado made that State the second of the woman suf- rage States. In 1895 Utah adopted a constitution in which woman suffrage was provided for. One after another. Western States granted the right of vot- ing to their women citizens, the only op- position being presented by the liquor interests and the machine politicians. The procession was brought up with New York State, that old battle ground for suffrage, in 1917. Meanwhile efforts to obtain an amend- ment to the Federal Constitution had not abated. Finally, on January 12, 1915, a bill to this effect was brought be- fore the House of Congress, but was lost by a vote of 174 against 204. Again a bill was brought before the House, on January 10, 1918. On the evening be- fore President Wilson made a strong and widely published appeal to the House to pass the bill. It was passed with one more vote than was needed to make the necessary two-thirds majority. The fight was now carried into the Sen- ate. Again President Wilson made an appeal, and on September 30, 1918, the question was put to the vote, but two votes were lacking to make the two- thirds majority. On February 10, 1919, it was again voted upon, and then it was lost by only one vote. There was now considerable anxiety among politicians of both parties to have the amendment passed and made effec- tive before the general elections of 1920, so the President called a special session of Congress, and a bill introducing the amendment was brought before the House again. On May 21, 1919, it was passed, 42 votes more than necessary being obtained. On June 4, 1919, it was brought before the Senate, and after a long discussion it was passed, with 56 ayes and 25 noes. It only remained now that the necessary number of States should ratify the action of Congress. Within a few days Illinois, Wisconsin and Michigan, their legislatures being then in session, passed the ratifications. One after another the other States fol- lowed their examples, Connecticut being the last of the needed 36 States to ratify, in the summer of 1920. The amendment was now an accomplished fact and the Presidential election of November, 1920,
