WOODBERRY 407 WOOD NYMPH Buena Vista; served on the Texas and Kansas frontier for 12 years; and through the Civil War in the Army of the Cumberland, being present at all the battles of that army including Shiloh, Perryville. Chickamauga, Missionary Ridge, the Atlanta campaign, Franklin, Nashville, and at Stone River, where he was severely wounded; and was engaged in operations for the relief of Knoxville and the invasion of Georgia till he was again severely wounded at Lovejoy's Station. He was promoted Major-Gene- ral of volunteers in 1865; and mustered out of the volunteer service Sept. 1, 1866. He was brevetted 1st lieutenant, U. S. A., for gallant and meritorious conduct in the battle of Buena Vista, Brigadier- General for Chickamauga, and Major- General for Nashville. He died in 1906. WOODBERRY, GEORGE EDWARD, an American poet; born in Beverley, Mass., May 12, 1855; was graduated at Harvard College in 1877; was Professor of English Literature in Nebraska State University in 1877-1878 and 1880-1882; ■)i Comparative Literature, Columbia, i891. He retired from this post, 1904. Be- sides articles in magazines and reviews, he wrote: a "History of Wood Engraving" (1883); "Life of Edgar Allan Poe" (1885); and "The North Shore Watch, and Other Poems" (1890) ; "Studies in Letters and Life" (1890); "Heart of Man" (1899); "Wild Eden" (1899); "Makers of Literature" (1900) ; "The Appreciation of Literature" (1907) ; "The Inspiration of Poetry" (1910) ;" "Two Phases of Criticism" (1918) ; "The Roamer and Other Poems" (1919). He published also an edition of Shelley (1892), and one of Poe (1895), with E. C. Stedman. WOOD CARVING, an art of great antiquity, now followed largely in France, Italy, and Switzerland. In recent years it has been made a part of the manual training courses in the public schools of the United States. WOODCOCK, in ornithology, the Scol- opax rusticula (the rusticola of Linnaeus is a misscript) ; distributed over Europe, the N. of Asia, and as far E. as Japan, visiting Europe in October and departing in March, though some remain to breed, and the number is yearly increasing. The woodcock is about 13 inches long; upper surface varied with ruddy, yellow- ish, and ash tints, and marked with great black spots; lower parts yellowish-red with brown zigzags- quills striped with red and black on their external barbs, tail feathers terminated above with gray and below with white. The female is rather larger and stouter than the male. WOOD ENGRAVING, the art of en- graving designs on wood. It differs from copper and steel plate engraving by having the parts to be printed on the paper in "relief." While plates are printed from the engraved lines by a laborious and necessarily slow process wood engravings, having the object to be represented on the surface, in the man- ner of a type, may be printed along with the matter they are intended to illus- trate on the ordinary printing machine. This, of course, is an important point in the illustration of books, on the ground of cheapness and expedition. An- other advantage wood engravings pos- sess is that they can be multiplied to any extent by means of the electrotype process. Previous to the invention of movable types whole books of text were also en- graved in wood, and the impressions had evidently been taken by rubbing on the back of the paper, instead of steady pressure, as in the printing press, the ink used being some kind of distemper color. WOODFORD, STEWART LYNDON an American lawyer; born in New York City, Sept. 3, 1835; served with gal- lantry in the Civil War, retiring with the rank of Brigadier-General of volun- teers by brevet; on the cessation of hostilities he resumed the practice of law; in 1866 was elected lieutenant-gov- ernor of New York on the ticket with Reuben E. Fenton; in 1872 member of Congress from the 3d Congressional Dis- trict (Brooklyn) ; in 1877 appointed United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York. In 1897 he was appointed minister to Spain, which post he held till the beginning of the Spanish- American War in 1898. He died in 1913. WOOD NYMPH, a fabled goddess of the wood ; a dryad. In zoology, the com- mon name of the beautiful lepidopterous insects comprising the genus Eudryas. The wood nymph {E. grata) expands one inch and a half to one inch and three-fourths, the fore wings pure white, with a broad stripe along the front edge for more than half its length, and a broad band around the outer hind mar- gin, of a deep purple brown, the band edged on the inside with olive green, and marked toward the edge with a wavy white line; under side of the fore wings yellow, with a round and kidney-shaped black spot. The hind wings are yellow, with a broad purplish brown hind border above, on which there is a wavy white line; below they have a central black dot. The caterpillar, which infests the grape vine, attains one inch and a quar- ter in length, is blue transversely, banded
