ZAMBESI 492 of General Miles. He received a com- mission in the United States army in 1866, was promoted 1st lieutenant of artillery in 1867 and captain in 1887. From 1872 to 1876 he was Professor of Military Science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology; was graduated at the Artillery School, Fort Monroe, in 1880, and at the School of Submarine Mining, Willets Point, several months later. In 1889 he was sent to St. Peters- burg as military attache to the Ameri- can legation, remaining on duty for a year. He retired from active service in 1894. He wrote: "Notes on Telescopic Sights for Cannon"; "Deflection of Pro- jectiles by Wind"; etc. He was the in- ventor of pneumatic dynamite torpedo gun which bears his name, the electrical fuse, an intrenching tool, a ramrod bay- onet, a telescopic sight for artillery, etc. See Dynamite Gun. He died March 10, 1909. ZAMBESI (zam-be'ze), the most im- portant river in southeastern Africa, and the largest flowing into the Indian Ocean. It has its source in several streams uniting in the far interior. It flows first S. E. and then N. E., then curves again to the S. E., and reaches the Indian Ocean by several mouths in the Mozambique Channel opposite Mad- agascar. The delta of the Zambesi covers an area of about 25,000 square miles, and commences about 90 miles from the coast, a little below the con- fluence of the main stream with the Shire. The course of the whole river is about 1,600 miles, and it drains an area of 600,000 square miles. Its basin is separated from that of the Orange river on the S. W. by a slight watershed, and from that of the Limpopo on the S. by a mountain range. Its course as a whole is through fertile valleys and wooded plains; but the navigation is interrupted by rapids and cataracts, among the latter being the Victoria Falls, which are among the grandest in the world. The valley of the Zambesi is capable of im- mense development in the way of trade. The Portuguese Government has long exercised sway for 300 miles from the mouths of the river, and by the inter- national arrangement of June, 1891, the river from the coast to the confluence of the Loangwe is recognized as being in Portuguese territory; the upper course is chiefly in British territory. The Zam- besi and its affluents are now free to the flags of all nations. ZAMORA, a very ancient town of Spain; capital of the province of the same name; on the Douro, 150 miles N. W. of Madrid. It is the see of a bishop ZANGWILL suffragan of Santiago. Zamora was of great importance in the Moorish times, was strongly fortified, and has manj interesting remains of mediaeval archi« tecture. The cathedral is a late Roman- esque edifice. There are some linen and woolen manufactures. It has never re- co'v^red from the devastations of the French (1808-1809). ZAMOSC, a fortified town of Poland, province of Lublin; on the Wieprz, 50 miles S. E. of the town of Lublin. It was laid out in 1588 in the Italian style by Jan Zamojski, and all its houses have arcades. Its fine castle, the four churches, the arsenal, and the town house are the chief buildings. ZANELLA, GIACOMO (dza-nel'la), an Italian lyrical poet; born in Chiampo, Italy, in 1820. After studying for the priesthood, he became Professor of Phi- losophy and Italian Literature at the seminary in Vicenza. His work is noted for beauty of style and mastery of form ; his most popular poem being "The Fossil Shell." His first volume of poems, 'Verses," appeared in 1868, and was fol- lowed by several others. Among his poetic tales are: "The Little Calabrese" (1870); "Robin Redbreast" (1881); "Italian Literatui'e in the Last Century" (1885). He died in Vicenza, Italy, May 17, 1888. ZANESVILLE, a city and county-seat of Muskingum co., O. ; on the Musking- um river, and the Baltimore and Ohio, Zanesville and Western and other railroads; 57 miles E. of Columbus. Here are a public library, high school. Female seminary, street railroad and electric light plants, several bridges across the river, National and private banks, and daily, weekly, and monthly periodicals. The principal interest is manufacturing. The city has blast fur- naces, machine shops, foundries, glass factories, paper mills, potteries, flour mills, etc. Zanesville was named in honor of Ebenezer Zane, a pioneer set- tler. Pop. (1910) 28,026; (1920) 29,569. ZANGWILL, ISRAEL, an English- Jewish novelist; born in London, in 1864. He began life as a London teach- er, and while teaching, graduated at the London University. He edited the peri- odical "Ariel"; and published: "The Premier and the Painter" (1888, in col- laboration), a romance; "The Bachelors' Club" (1891) ; "The Big Bow Mystery" (1891) ; "The Old Maids' Club" (1892) ; "Children of the Ghetto" (1892), a col- lection of stories; "Merely Mary Ann" (1893); "Ghetto Tragedies" (1893); "The King of Schnorrers" (1894) ; "The Master" (1895), a novel; "Six Persons,"
