ZET7SS 498 ZIMMERMANir ZEUSS, JOHANN KASPAR (tsois), a German historian ; born in Vogtendorf, Upper Franconia, July 22, 1806. Among his works are: "The Germans and the Neighbor Stocks" (1837) ; "The Descent of the Bavarians from the Marcomanni" (1839); "Witzenburg Traditions and Possessions" (1842); "The Free Im- perial City of Spires from Its Destruc- tion" (1843); "Celtic Grammar" (2 vols. 1853), his greatest work. He died in Vogtendorf, Nov. 10, 1856. ZETJXIS (ziik'sis) , one of the greatest Greek painters; born in one of the many cities named Heraclea, and flourished in the latter half of the 5th century b. c He traveled a good deal, spending some time at Athens during the Peloponne- sJan War, visiting the court of Arche- laus. King of Macedonia, and afterward Italy and Sicily. He excelled in form, light and shade, and coloring, in dramat- ic composition of grand subjects, and in imitation of inanimate objects. He made a large fortune, was extremely vain, and at last used to give away his pictures because he thought them worth more than any price that could be set on them. ZHUKOVSKI, JOUKOVSKI, or SHXTKOWS, VASILII ANDREEVICH, a famous Russian poet ; born near Bielev, province of Penza, in 1783. He suc- ceeded Karamzin as editor of the "Viest- nik Evropui," 1808; was preceptor of the Emperor Alexander II. in his youth, as well of Alexander's mother. He wrote: "The Minstrel in the Russian Camp," a collection of spirited war bal- lads; "Ziudmilla," "Svietlana," his best work; etc.; and a number of prose es- says and tales, the best known of which was "Mary's Grove." He made also nu- merous translations from the German, English, etc.; his translation of Gray's "Elegy" being one of the finest ever made. He died in 1852. ZIEGLER, THEOBALD, a German philosophical writer; born in Goppingen, Wiirttemberg, Feb. 9, 1846. He became Professor of Philosophy in the Univer- sity of Strassburg in 1886. He was author of: "With Regard to Strauss's the Old Faith and the New" (1874); "Text-Book of Logic" (1876); "Republic or Monarchy: Switzerland or Germany" (1877); "History of Ethics" (1881); "The Social Question a Moral Question" (1891) ; "The German Student at the End of the Nineteenth Century" (6th ed. 1896). ZIERIKZEE, a town of the Nether- lands, in the province of Zeeland, and the chief town of the island of Schou- wen, 3 miles from the Ooster Schelde (with which it is connected by two canal harbors), and 21 miles E. N. E. of Flushing. It has six churches, a fine town house, and a gymnasium, manufac- tures madder, carries on brewing and oyster fishing, and has considerable trade and shipping. It is the oldest town of Zeeland, and was formerly an important Hanse town. ZIMBABYE, or GREAT ZIMBABWE (zem-bab'-wa), a notable ruin in Ma- shonaland; in lat. 20° 16' 30" S., and long. 31° 10' 10" E.; 3,300 feet above sea- level. It is the principal of a series of similar remains along the W. side of the Sabi river, and consists of a large ellip- tical building (280 feet long, with walls 35 feet high and 16 feet thick) on a gentle rise, with building extending into the valley, and an immensely strong labyrinthine fortress on the opposite hill, 400 feet above. The older buildings are beautiful examples of dry masonry. There is a considerable number of little images of the solar disk; while the two conical towers in the sacred inclosure on the lower hill, as well as the chevron ornamentation there, and various ob- jects found in the citadel point to phallic forms of worship. The ruins evidently formed a garrison for the protection of a gold-producing race in remote antiq- uity, of whose work many traces have been found — a smelting furnace made of hard cement, clay crucibles with little specks of gold adhering, on ingot mold of soapstone, burnishers, crushers^ carved soapstone birds, etc. Theodore Bent, who explored the ruins in 1891, assigned this enterprise to pre-Moham- medan Arabians (with possibly Phoeni- cian influences), as both the objects of art and the special cult indicated are utterly foreign to the African races. K. Mauch would identify the region with the Ophir (q. v.) of Solomon's time. ZIMBALIST, EFREM, a Russian violinist; born in Rostow-on-Don, Rus- sia, in 1889. He received his musical training under his father, and later studied in the Imperial School of Music at Petrograd with Leopold Auer. He made his first appearance in Petrograd at the age of 17. After touring through Germany and England, he came to the United States in 1911, where he ap- peared in all the leading cities and where he was very successful. In 1914 he married Alma Gluck (q. v.). He composed a number of songs and suites for violin and orchestra. ZIMMERMANN, JOHANN GEORG (tsim'-mer-man), a Swiss physician and miscellaneous writer; born in Brugg, Aargau, Switzerland, Dec. 8, 1728. At
