2W0LLE 508 ZYBIANOVSK cussions, which lasted three days, left the controversy as it was; the reformers arguing on the basis of Scripture, and their opponents from the canon law, and there being no first principles in com- mon with them. Not long after the ref- ormation was publicly established in Zu- rich, pictures and statues, etc., were taken out of the churches, and instead of the mass a simple form of celebrating the Lord's Supper was adopted. Educa- tion was provided for, and convents were suppressed, just regard being had to the interests of their inmates. In 1528 Zwingli attended the important confer- ences of Baden, and in 1529 that of Marburg, where he agreed on certain articles of faith with Luther and Me- lanchthon. Two years later, the long suppressed enmity of the cantons which remained Catholic broke out in open war against Zurich and Berne. Delay, inde- cision, and half-heartedness among the citizens of Zurich made their cause hope- less; and at the battle of Cappel their handful of disorderly troops was easily destroyed or dispersed by the superior numbers and discipline of the Catholic army. Zwingli fell on that field, Oct. 11, 1531. His body was discovered, burnt, quartered, and his ashes mingled with those of swine, and scattered to the winds. The works of Zwingli were pub- lished in 1581, three volumes, 4to. ZWOLLE, the capital of the Dutch province of Overyssel on the Zwarte Water; 25 miles N. of Zutphen; was once a strong fortress with 11 bastions and three forts. It is a handsome, well- built city, with three fine suburbs. Its corn market is one of the best in Hol- land. Its chief buildings are St. Michael's Church, a large and splendid building with a famous organ, the gov- ernment buildings with the provincial archives, the town hall, and the courts of justice. The town has a Latin school, a school of navigation, an industrial school, a public library with rare books on geography and local history, a mu- seum of natural history, a theater, etc. Zwolle has communication with the sea oy means of the Willemsvaart canal. It manufactures oil, spirits, iron goods, and linens, carries on shipbuilding, and a trade in corn and cattle. In a monastery in the neighborhood Thomas a Kempis lived and died. Zwolle was a member of the Hanseatic League. Pop. about 35,000. ZYGOPHYLLACE^, a natural order of polypetalous dicotyledons, consisting of 17 genera and upward of 100 species of shrubs or herbs with more or less jointed stems, flowers on auxiliary pe- duncles, and generally white, red or yellow, sepals and petals mostly five, and a dry fruit often separating into cocci. The species are widely dispersed over the tropical and sub-tropical zones, a few also occurring in temperate cli- mates. In the type genus Zygophylhum, the leaves are opposite and consist of two leaflets (Greek ziigan, "a yoke," and phyllon, "a leaf"). Z. fabago has ver- mifuge properties and its flower buds serve as a substitute for capers. Z. coc- cineum has aromatic seeds employed by the Arabs in place of pepper. The wood called lignum vitse is the most important product of the order. ZYGOSAXTRUS, in palaeontology, a genus of Labyrinthodontia. Skull irre- gular, with concave sides, an obtuse snout, and a concave occipital border; it is lofty in the occipital region, while falling gradually in front and rapidly on the sides. Orbits slightly posterior, large, irregular. Premaxillary teeth two or more on each side, larger than the maxillary teeth, which are 16 or 18 on each side; all are conical, strong, and nearly straight, with about 20 grooves at the base. Known species one Z. lucius, from the Zechstein (Middle Permian), of the province of Perm in Russia. ZYGOSPORE, in botany, the term applied by Huxley to the product of conjugation of spores when it is impos- sible to say which represent the male and which the female element, there being no morphological difference be- tween the modified hyphle which enter into relation with one another. ZYMOTIC DISEASES, a name ap- plied to epidemic and endemic contagious diseases, because they are supposed to be produced by some morbific principle which acts on the human system like a ferment. This morbific prin- ciple or poison gets into the blood in minute particles or germs, and there increases or multiplies, the disease last- ing till the poison has become forked out, or has been destroyed. The chief of these diseases are measles, scai'let fever, smallpox, typhus, typhiod, diph- theria, whooping cough, croup and erysipelas. ZYBIANOVSK, a mining town in a rich silver-producing district of Semi- palatinsk. near the S. frontier of Si- beria, among the slopes of the Altai Mountains, on a head stream of the Irtish. The ZjTians of the neighbor- hood, a tribe of the Altai Tartars, are Shamanists, and live by hunting in the forests.
