TUKNER 45 TURNIP deep yellow powder of a resinous char- acter. Turmeric has been long employed in the East as a medicine, and as a yel- low dye which can be changed into a deep brownish red by alkalies, but neither color is permanent. It is a prin- cipal ingredient in some Indian articles of food, including curry powder. In W. countries it is not now much used in dyeing, nor in medicine, but it is very useful as a chemical test for the presence of alkalies, any alkaline substance quick- ly changing its color from yellow to reddish brown. Mustard is frequently adulterated with turmeric, and so also are some other substances. Turmeric has an aromatic taste and a peculiar odor not unlike that of ginger. The odor is due to an essential oil called turmerol, of which the tubers contain about 1 per cent. ; and the coloring principle is known as curcumin. African turmeric, brought from Sierra Leone, is obtained from a species of canna. TURNER. CHARLES TENNYSON, an English poet; brother of Lord Alfred Tennyson ; born in Somersby, Lincoln- shire, July 4, 1808. He assumed the name of Turner by royal license, having inherited some property from his great vmcle. Rev. Samuel Turner. Besides 'Poems of Two Brothers," written in collaboration 'vith Alfred, he wrote: "Sonnets and Fugitive Pieces" (1830) ; "Sonnets" (1864); "Small Tableaux" (1868) ; "Sonnets, Lyrics, and Transla- tions" (1873) ; "Collected Sonnets, Old and New" (1880). He died in Chelten- ham, England, April 25, 1879. TURNER, FREDERICK JACKSON, an American educator; bom in Portage, Wis., Nov. 14, 1861; was graduated at the University of Wisconsin in 1884. From 1885 to 1888 he was tutor in oratory in the university and from 1885 to 1910 professor of history. In 1910 F. J. Turner became professor of history at Harvard. He was the author of "The Indian Trade in Wiscon- sin" (1890) ; "Significance of the Fron- tier in American History" (1893) ; "The West as a Field for Historical Study" (1896) : "Western State-Making in the Revolutionary Era" (1895) ; "The Ori- gin of Genet's Projected Attack on Louisiana and the Floridas" (1898) ; "Documents Illustrative of Genet's Pro- posed Expedition Against Louisiana and the Floridas" (1897) ; "Dominant Forces in Western Life"; "Rise of the New West" (1906) ; "Reuben Gold Thwaites" (1914). TURNER, JOSEPH MALLORD WIL- LIAM, an English landscape painter; Cyo born in London, England, April 23, 1775. Early evincing a marked predilection for art, he, in 1789, entered as a student at the Royal Academy, where he studied assiduously for three years, and pro- duced some of his minor pictures. In 1799, he was elected A. R. A., and, in 1802, became R. A. Down to this period he was principally known as a painter in water-colors. Turning his attention to oils, he, during the next half century, exhibited more than 200 pictures, in- cluding some reproductions of nature of marvellous skill and beauty. Among his best works are: "The Wreck"; "The Old Temeraire"; "The Burial of Wilkie"; "The Death of Nelson"; "Ulysses Derid- ing Polyphemus"; "Crossing the Brook"; "Rome"; "Venice"; "Sun Rising Through a Mist"; "Wreck of the Mino- taur"; "Bay of Baise"; "Dido Building Carthage"; "Calais Pier," etc. Turner, who has been styled the "English Claude," combined in his works compre- hension and tinith to nature. As a col- orist. Turner ranks among the best painters of modern times. Unsocial and peculiar in his habits — penurious indeed — Turner, in all that related to art, ex- hibited the most extended munificence. He bequeathed the greater bulk of his large fortune to found almshouses for the benefit of reduced artists, and left his unsold pictures — many of them among his choicest examples — to the British nation. These works, about 100 in number, form the contents of the "Turner Room," in the National Gallery, London. Ho died in London, Dec. 19, 1851. _ TURNIP, a biennial plant, with lyrate hispid leaves; the upper part of the root becoming, especially in cultivation, swol- len and fleshy. It is a native of Europe and the temperate parts of Asia, grow- ing in borders of fields and waste places. It is commonly regarded as a native of Great Britain, though in most cases where it is found apparently wild it may be doubted if it has not derived its origin from cultivated varieties. It has been long cultivated, and is to be found i» every garden of the temperate and cold parts of the world as a culinary escu- lent; it is also extensively grown in fields for feeding cattle and sheep. It was cultivated in India long before it could have been introduced by Euro- peans, and is common there in gardens and about villages. The cultivated vari- eties are very numerous. In them the upper part of the root assumes a globose, oblong, or roundish depressed form. Some are common to the garden and the farm, and some of the largest kinds at- tain such a size as to weigh 20 or 25 4- Vol. X
