TYRONE 61 TZE-HSI tant valleys are formed by the river Inn (flowing N. to the Danube) and the Adige (going S. to the Adriatic), and their tributaries. Pastoral pursuits fur- nish the chief occupations, though some grain is grown and considerable atten- tion is paid to the cultivation of the for'^sts (46 per cent, of the area), of fruit, wine (5,720,000 gallons annually) , and silkworms. The mines were for- merly of gi-eat value, but little is now extracted, except of salt (at Hall), an- thracite, and a little iron. Tyrol, the ancient Rhsetia, was con- quered by the Romans under the Em- peror Augustus. After the fall of the empire it was occupied by the Boiardi (Bavarians) and Langobardi. During the Middle Ages the most important rulers in Tyrol were the counts of Tyrol and the bishops of Trent and Brixen. In 1363 the counts bequeathed their pos- sessions to the Duke of Austria, and they have formed an appanage of the House of Hapsburg ever since, except during the short period 1806-1814. a period made memorable by the patriotic resistance of Andreas Hofer and his associates to French and Bavarians. As a result of the World War southern Tyrol became part of Italy through the Peace Treaty of St. Germain. TYRONE, a borough of Pennsylvania, in Blair co., about 15 miles N. E. of Altoona, on the Pennsylvania railroad and on the Little Juniata river. The city is an important railroad junction with large repair shops. There are manufac- tories of paper products, planing mills, and candy and chemical factories. The city is also important from a commer- cial point of view, as a result of its prox- imity to the Clearfield coal fields. A few miles from the town is the Birmingham Female Seminary. Pop. (1910) 7,176; (1920) 9,084. TYRONE, HUGH O'NEIL, EARL OF, an Irish rebel; born in Ireland, about 1540; was the son of an illegitimate son of Conn O'Neil, the 1st Earl of Ty- rone, and was himself in 1587 invested with his grandfather's title and estates. But he soon plunged into intrigues both with the Irish rebels and with Spain against the authority of Elizabeth, and in 1597 assumed the ancient title of "The O'Neil," and began the struggle openly. His success soon spread the flame of in- surrection over all Ulster, Connaught, and Leinster. The queen sent over Essex with more than 20,000 men, and at Bally- duich Tyrone met him under the truce, and submitted his demands to Elizabeth. Lord Mountjoy soon succeeded Essex, and quickly subdued the most of the country. But at length in 1601 a Span- Cyo ish force of 5,000 men landed at Kins ale. and 2,000 more at Castlehaven. Mount- joy at once besieged Kinsale, while Ty- rone advanced to its relief, but was de- feated with heavy loss, and severely wounded. Mountjoy pursued him to the N. and ravaged his country. After Kinsale fell Tyrone made his submission at Mellefont and was reinstated in his earldom. But under James I. he in- , trigued anew with Spain, and finally in 1607 found it necessary to flee.^ His lands were confiscated, and he himself died in Rome in 1616. TYRWHITT, THOMAS, an English classical scholar; born in London, Eng- land, March 29, 1730. Among his works are: "Observations on Some Passages of Shakespeare" (1766); a celebrated edi- tion of Chaucer (1773) ; editions of Isseus' "Orphica" and Aristotle's "Poetics"; critical dissertations on Bar- bius, Euripides, Aristophanes, and Strabo. He was the original editor of "Rowley's Poems." He died in London, Aug. 15, 1786. TZE-HSI, TZXJ-HI. or TZI-HI, a cel- ebrated empress of China, born in Pe- king, in 1835. She was known as the Great Empress Dowager, and ruled China for half a century. The name of her family was Hweicheng, belonging to the Nara or Nala clan, from which she derived the name of Yehonala. When sixteen she entered the harem of the Em- peror Hien-Fung, and started as a kwei- jen or concubine of the fifth rank. Her talents and striking beauty brought her to the fourth rank in 1854; in 1856 she rose to the third rank, and in 1858 she was second only to Tze-an, who acted as imperial consort on the death of the emperor's legal wife. On April 29, 1850, she gave birth to a son, afterward the Emperor Tung-chih, and later she was known as the Empress of the Western Palace. On the death of Hien-Fung she frustrated a plot intended to bring about her removal and with Tze-an, Empress of the Eastern Palace, attained to power. When her son became emperor (1861- 1875) her power increased, and it was maintained when Kwang-su, his succes- sor, married her favorite niece, Yehonala. Her political advisers were first Li Hung Chang, and later Yuan Shikai. Her most difficult period was following the Chino- Japanese war (1894-95), when one foreign power succeeded another in forcing concessions. Her policy was al- ways in favor of absolute power, but she was compelled to yield before she died to liberalizing and modernizing meas- ures. She died November 15, 1908, a day after Kwang-su, designating Pu-yi, son of her nephew, as successor. 5 Vol. X
