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6.3. Material Standards of Color

Limitations of visual comparisons result from inability to make precise interpolation between two colors. Use of the Munsell color system requires interpolation of hue, value, and chroma. Experience shows that the best a trained observer does in such interpolations is correct within 0.5 hue step for chromas 4 or more, within 0.2 value step, and 0.4 chroma step.

Visual comparisons are limited also because of the difficulty of choosing permanent materials that have suitable spectral characteristics. The most permanent of these are vitreous enamel and glass, which, however, are so limited in variety of spectral characteristics that metamerism cannot be avoided. This limitation requires control of the spectral character of the light source and disqualifies observers with abnormal vision.

Material standards of glass used in one-dimensional color scales cause difficulty because the luminous-transmittance match with the specimen may not match in chromaticity; see, for example, table 17. Hence, one-dimensional scales as represented by material standards are not always an adequate solution to a problem.

Gross errors in visual judgment may result from marked dissimilarity of surrounds. For example, the orchid standard of the KB-chromatic set issued by the NBS is perceived to have a moderately saturated light reddish-purple color when viewed against a middle gray surround. When it is viewed against a brilliant magenta surround it is seen as greenish gray. Spectrophotometric colorimetry does not account for the influence of surround.

7. References

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