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down by the courts in accordance with law, respecting human dignity in all cases.
Any health inspections carried out in accordance with law shall be performed only after notice from the officials ordering or carrying it out.
Article 48: The secrecy and inviolability of private communica
tions in all forms are guaranteed. The same may not be interfered
with except by order of a competent court, with observance of applicable provisions of law and preserving the secrecy of the private
issues unrelated to the pertinent proceedings.
Article 49: All judicial and administrative actions shall be subject
to due process, therefore:
- (1) Legal assistance and defense are inviolable rights at all stages and levels during the investigation and proceeding. Every person has the right to be notified of the charges for which he or she is being investigated, to have access to the evidence and to be afforded the necessary time and means to conduct his or her defense. Any evidence obtained in violation of due process shall be null and void. Any person declared guilty shall have the right to appeal, except in the cases established by this Constitution and by the law.
- (2) Any person shall be presumed innocent until proven otherwise.
- (3) Every person has the right to be heard in proceedings of any kind, with all due guarantees and within such reasonable time limit as may be legally detained, by a competent, independent and impartial court established in advance. Anyone who does not speak Spanish or is unable to communicate verbally is entitled to an interpreter.
- (4) Every person has the right to be judged by his or her natural judges of ordinary or special competence, with the guarantees established in this Constitution and by law. No person shall be put on trial without knowing the identity of the party judging
