CORNWALL church dedicated in 1321 to SS. Andrew and Swithin, but its name proves that there was an earlier Ian here ; it is difficult to identify the " cells ". The church is Perp., with very rich bench-ends and some good encaustic tiles. There is a monument, dated 1644, to John Chamond, a former holder of the manor ; and another in the churchyard to Sir Goldsworthy Gurney (1875). LAUNCESTON (Lan-Stephen) is called after its mother parish of St. Stephen ; its old secular name was Dunheved. The triumph of the Church was shown, as in many other in- stances, by the name of the religious settlement prevailing over that of the chieftain's settlement. The Celtic dun means not only hill but fortified place ; " hevcd " may be hafod, thus meaning the " summer residence," or it might be the Saxon luiefod, our modern " head ". There was an entrenchment here in Celtic times, and this stronghold, seized and improved by the Saxons as an important border position, was in the possession of Harold immediately before the Conquest. William granted it, as he granted so much of Cornwall, to Robert de Mortain. There may perhaps be a little, but very little, of Mortain's castle surviving. The picturesque W. gatehouse dates from Henry VII L, and the outer bailey, once a place of public execution, is now a place of public recreation. The castle was wonderfully strong both in position and in the massive nature o? its own defences. The keep, with
