1828. They were countersigned, it is true, by a Liberal prelate, Monseigueur Feutrier, Bishop of Beauvais, who had then become Minister of Ecclesiastical Affairs in the place of Monseigneur Frayssinous. The Ordinances of the 16th of June, 1828, aimed at regulating the small seminaries, institutions where, in every diocese, the young men destined for the priesthood were prepared for their office. Seven of those small seminaries had passed into the hands of the Jesuits, whose order had formerly been suppressed in France and had not been re-established by law. Their position was therefore illegal. The Ordinances placed the seminaries under the control of the University, and provided that the directors and professors were not to be attached to " any unauthorised Congregation. " This amounted to the exclusion of the Jesuits, and the measure was immensely applauded. But the Bishops, who were nearly all anti-Liberals, united to oppose it ; they refused to submit to the Ordinances. The Government very cleverly obtained a brief from the Pope requiring them to do so. Charles X. does not seem to have hesitated as to his duty on this occasion ; when the Cardinal of Clermont-Tonnerre persisted in his opposition
