CHAPTER 4
Control Evaluations
The effectiveness of engineering controls for reducing exposures to nanomaterials during manufacturing and handling has not been widely investigated. To evaluate control measures in nanomanufacturing facilities, investigators need to collect both quantitative and qualitative data to describe nanoparticle emissions. Accurate direct-reading instruments allow investigators to identify the source of contamination in real time for various task scenarios. More detailed information about the materials, such as morphology and chemical characteristics, can be obtained by collecting air filter samples for off-line analysis.
4.1 Approaches to Evaluation
Strategies for measuring nanomaterial exposures and emissions in the workplace are being developed and evaluated by a range of researchers [Brouwer et al. 2009; NIOSH 2009a; OECD 2009; Ramachandran et al. 2011]. Because there are currently no exposure limits for engineered nanomaterials in the United States, a multifaceted approach combining qualitative analysis with quantitative means should be used to determine nanoparticle emissions and control effectiveness [Oberdörster et al. 2005]. However, some researchers have suggested using non-mass-based metrics such as surface area or particle number as a reasonable approach to assessing health effects [Wittmaach 2007; Rushton et al. 2010; Oberdörster et al. 2005]. The evaluation procedures include (1) identification of emission sources, (2) background and area monitoring, (3) air concentration measurement by direct-reading instruments and filter-based sampling, and (4) measurement of air velocity and patterns.
4.1.1 Identification of Emission Sources
The main purpose of the initial assessment or walk-through survey is to identify potential sources of emissions and to help researchers prepare a sampling plan for the in-depth evaluation of processes and control measures. Portable direct-reading devices (e.g., handheld CPCs and photometers) are recommended for quick identification. The initial assessment should involve looking at the processes and equipment as well as the general plant environment. To optimize and improve engineering controls, a control checklist is recommended for collecting basic information on methods, manufacturing processes, and existing controls.
4.1.2 Background and Area Monitoring
A plan to assess control effectiveness requires that measurements are first taken of background concentrations in adjacent work areas. This allows the contribution of
Current Strategies for Engineering Controls in Nanomaterial Production and Downstream Handling Processes
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