Page:Current Strategies for Engineering Controls in Nanomaterial Production and Downstream Handling Processes.pdf/8

Contents

1. Foreword ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   iii

2. Executive Summary ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   iv

3. List of Figures ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   x

4. List of Tables ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   xi

5. List of Abbreviations ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   xii

6. Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   xiv

7. 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

   1

8. 1. 1.1 Background ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

      1

9. 1. 1.2 Industry Overview ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

      3

10. 1. 1.3 Occupational Safety and Health Management Systems ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

       3

11. 1. 1.3.1 Prevention through Design (PtD) ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

       6

12. 1. 1.3.2 OELs as Applied to Nanotechnology ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

       7

13. 1. 1.3.3 Control Banding ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

       7

14. 2 Exposure Control Strategies and the Hierarchy of Controls ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    9

15. 1. 2.1 Elimination ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

       9

16. 1. 2.2 Substitution ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

       10

17. 1. 2.3 Engineering Controls ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

       10

18. 1. 2.3.1 Ventilation ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

       11

19. 1. 2.3.1.1 Local Exhaust Ventilation ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

       12

20. 1. 2.3.1.2 Air Filtration ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

       14

21. 1. 2.3.2 Nonventilation Engineering Controls ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

       16

22. 1. 2.4 Administrative Controls ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

       17

23. 1. 2.5 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

       18

24. 1. 2.5.1 Skin Protection ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

       18

25. 1. 2.5.2 Respiratory Protection ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

       18

26. 3 Nanotechnology Processes and Engineering Controls ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

    21

27. 1. 3.1 Primary Nanotechnology Production and Downstream Processes ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

       21

28. 1. 3.2 Engineering Control Approaches to Reducing Exposures ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

       22

29. 1. 3.3 Ventilation and General Considerations ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

       24

30. 1. 3.4 Exposure Control Technologies for Common Processes ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

       25

31. 1. 3.4.1 Reactor Operation and Cleanout Processes ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

       27

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